“…The CFAD refers to the dissemination of financial information, both mandatory and nonmandatory, pertaining to a business entity, as required by accounting regulations, to its stakeholders (Tettamanzi et al , 2022; Mustafa Hussain et al , 2023). From the perspective of the business entities, these disclosures serve to mitigate information asymmetry between internal and external parties, serve as indicators of favorable performance, facilitate access to financial resources, attract potential investors and communicate financial policies to existing or prospective investors (Al-Okaily, 2023; Wang et al , 2023). Several scholars have emphasized the significance of accounting disclosure in various organizational contexts (Hassan, 2012; El-Gazzar et al , 2022; Kareem and Jabr, 2022; Mustafa Hussain et al , 2023; Wang et al , 2023).…”