Exploring the Relationship of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Vascular Pathologies

Abstract

Initially thought to only provide mechanical support for the underlying blood vessels, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has now emerged as a regulator of vascular function. A healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile and anti-inflammatory actions on the underlying vasculature via the release of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, nitric oxide, and omentin. However, dysfunctional PVAT produces more proinflammatory adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thus inducing an inflammatory response that contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the role of PVAT inflammation in the development of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and hypertension was discussed.

Association between Neck Circumference and Subclinical Atherosclerosis among Chinese Steelworkers: A Cross-Sectional Survey

“…Secondly, neck fat encompasses carotid arteries, an important PVAT depot. With the accumulation of fat, excess PVAT in the carotid arteries leads to chronic inflammation through infiltration of macrophages, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation, which ultimately triggers vascular damage and development of proliferative vascular disease [ 16 , 34 , 38 ]. The excess free fatty acids and PVAT might be a potential link between NC and CIMT.…”

Perivascular adipose tissue: Fine-tuner of vascular redox status and inflammation

“…Besides, omentin is reported to alleviate endothelial dysfunction by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress, possibly through the AMPK/PPARδ signaling pathway. Omentin was also shown to decrease the expression of inflammatory markers in both macrophages and ECs [ 38 ]. In VSMCs, omentin suppresses TNFα-upregulated NOX activity, ROS production and inflammation [ 39 ].…”

The Role of Polyphenol in Modulating Associated Genes in Diabetes-Induced Vascular Disorders

“…Endothelial dysfunction is the main culprit that occurs as an early episode in atherosclerosis development, leading to vascular dysfunction, vascular disorder, and cardiovascular complications [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Together, DM, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction contribute to the progression of vascular disorder.…”