Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Inflammatory Diseases

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a very common Gram-positive bacterium, and S. aureus infections play an extremely important role in a variety of diseases. This paper describes the types of virulence factors involved, the inflammatory cells activated, the process of host cell death, and the associated diseases caused by S. aureus. S. aureus can secrete a variety of enterotoxins and other toxins to trigger inflammatory responses and activate inflammatory cells, such as keratinocytes, helper T cells, innate lymphoid cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Activated inflammatory cells can express various cytokines and induce an inflammatory response. S. aureus can also induce host cell death through pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, etc. This article discusses S. aureus and MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, pulmonary cystic fibrosis, allergic asthma, food poisoning, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, and osteomyelitis. Summarizing the pathogenic mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus provides a basis for the targeted treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Type I interferon governs immunometabolic checkpoints that coordinate inflammation duringStaphylococcalinfection

“…Based on prior studies, we speculate that this early hyper-energetic state may support rapid gene expression and produce secondary messengers such as metabolic intermediates or mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can contribute to inflammasome activation 56,70,71,72 . As infection progresses, the high concentration of host-derived signaling molecules changes the inflammatory context of the MRSA-infected lesion 73–75 . In addition to recruiting peripheral leukocytes, including bactericidal neutrophils, host-derived signaling molecules further refine macrophage programming to allow better orchestration of local immunity 26,39 76–78 .…”

DecipheringStaphylococcus aureus-host dynamics using dual activity-based protein profiling of ATP-interacting proteins

“…In keratinocytes, S. aureus alters surface proteins to evade recognition and secretes proteases that cleave AMPs, rendering them ineffective (3)(4)(5)(6). S. aureus expertly exploits host mechanisms, manipulating ATP-binding proteins to alter inflammatory responses, potentially exacerbating immune reactions, causing tissue damage, and promoting its spread (7).…”

Chitosan-vancomycin hydrogel incorporated bone repair scaffold based on staggered orthogonal structure: a viable dually controlled drug delivery system

“…29,30 Osteomyelitis is one of the most common maxillofacialassociated infections caused by S. aureus. 31,32 Vancomycin (Van), a glycopeptide antibiotic, acts on Gram-positive bacteria mainly by blocking the synthesis of peptidoglycan and has less adverse effects on osteoblasts and bone regeneration. 33 Therefore, we hypothesized that the combination of CS with Van would be a good controlled-release candidate for infection control and bone defect repair.…”