Explosive Blast Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Magnuson, John; Ling, Geoffrey

doi:10.5772/intechopen.74035

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Blast injury is an increasing concern of Coalition Forces due to improvised explosives used during conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan (1). Medical resources from both the Department of Defense and from the Department of Veterans Affairs have been allocated to address these injuries through prevention, recovery, and research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive Performance Deficits Related to Immediate and Acute Blast Overpressure Exposure

et al. 2019

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Addressing the concerns surrounding blast injury for the military community is a pressing matter. Specifically, sub-concussive blast effects, or those blast effects which do not yield a medical diagnosis but can result in symptom reporting and negative self-reported outcomes, are becoming increasingly important. This work evaluates explosive blast overpressure and impulse effects at the sub-concussive level on neurocognitive performance assessed with the Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment (DANA) across seven breacher training courses conducted by the US Military. The results reported here come from 202 healthy, male military volunteer participants. Findings indicate that the neurocognitive task appearing most sensitive to identifying performance change is the DANA Procedural Reaction Time (PRT) subtask which may involve a sufficient level of challenge to reliably detect a small, transient cognitive impairment among a healthy undiagnosed population. The blast characteristic that was consistently associated with performance change was peak overpressure. Overall, this study provides evidence that increasing blast overpressure, defined as peak overpressure experienced in a training day, can lead to transient degradations in neurocognitive performance as seen on the DANA PRT subtask, which may generalize to other capabilities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurocognitive Performance Deficits Related to Immediate and Acute Blast Overpressure Exposure

et al. 2019

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“…The head can be severely affected by such events (Wojcik et al, 2010), particularly by the propagation of shock waves. To explain the observed cerebral lesions (Trudeau et al, 1998;Armonda et al, 2006;Hoge et al, 2008;Warden et al, 2009;Hicks et al, 2010;Rosenfeld et al, 2013;Magnuson and Ling, 2018), several injury mechanisms were proposed in literature. One of those is of particular interest: the cranial deflection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a simplified cranial substitute with a modal behavior close to that of a human skull

Elster,

Boutillier,

Bourdet

et al. 2024

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Individuals exposed to the propagation of shock waves generated by the detonation of explosive charges may suffer Traumatic Brain Injury. The mechanism of cranial deflection is one of many hypotheses that could explain the observed brain damage. To investigate this physical phenomenon in a reproducible manner, a new simplified cranial substitute was designed with a mechanical response close to that of a human skull when subjected to this type of loading. As a first step, a Finite Element Model was employed to dimension the new substitute. The objective was indeed to obtain a vibratory behavior close to that of a dry human skull over a wide range of frequencies up to 10 kHz. As a second step, the Finite Element Model was used together with Experimental Modal Analyses to identify the vibration modes of the substitute. A shaker excited the structure via a metal rod, while a laser vibrometer recorded the induced vibrations at defined measurement points. The results showed that despite differences in material properties and geometry, the newly developed substitute has 10/13 natural frequencies in common with those of dry human skulls. When filled with a simulant of cerebral matter, it could therefore be used in future studies as an approximation to assess the mechanical response of a simplified skull substitute to a blast threat.

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“…These numbers can be further correlated with the massive use of IEDs on the battlefield: between 2001 and 2007, 63% of TBIs were caused by explosions (Wojcik et al, 2010). The symptoms of TBI may include memory loss, attention troubles and headaches (Trudeau et al, 1998;McGruk et al, 2008;Warden et al, 2009;Rosenfeld et al, 2013;Magnuson and Ling, 2018), but also severe brain damage such as convulsions, seizures and cerebral vasospasms (Armonda et al, 2006;Hicks et al, 2010). Hence, it is conspicuous that blastinduced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) represents a societal cost and that understanding their injury mechanisms remains a critical milestone in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical review of experimental analyses performed on animals, post-mortem human subjects, and substitutes to explore primary blast-induced Traumatic Brain Injuries

Elster,

Boutillier,

Magnan

et al. 2023

Front. Mech. Eng.

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Although blast-induced Traumatic Brain Injury (bTBI) has become a signature wound of conflict, its cause is not yet fully understood. Regarding primary blast injuries, i.e., those caused by the propagation of shock waves in the body, four direct and two indirect injury mechanisms have been mainly proposed in the literature. Since numerous authors have exposed instrumented animals, Post-Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS), and head substitutes to blast conditions, the aim of this review is to classify them in terms of threat, instrumentation, and investigated mechanisms. In the first part, data are collected from 6 studies on PMHS, 1 on primates, 11 on rodents, and 6 on swine for comparison purposes. Peak amplitudes of reflected pressures, intracranial pressures and cranial strains are extracted and analyzed to establish trends. Despite the small number of comparable studies, several similarities can be highlighted. Indeed, the analyses revealed a dose-response effect for most measurements. The results also depend on the orientation of the subject (forward, backward, and sideways) for the PMHS, primates, and swine. The second goal of this review is to evaluate the behavior of substitutes developed to replace PMHS experiments. Shell strains and internal pressures are thus collected on 19 geometric and anthropomorphic substitutes to assess whether they faithfully represent a human head. The results showed that these substitutes are for the most part not properly designed and therefore cannot yet reliably replace PMHS experimental data.

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Explosive Blast Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Neurocognitive Performance Deficits Related to Immediate and Acute Blast Overpressure Exposure

Neurocognitive Performance Deficits Related to Immediate and Acute Blast Overpressure Exposure

Design of a simplified cranial substitute with a modal behavior close to that of a human skull

A critical review of experimental analyses performed on animals, post-mortem human subjects, and substitutes to explore primary blast-induced Traumatic Brain Injuries

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