Explosives

Post-Blast Analysis of Hexamethylene Triperoxide Diamine using Liquid Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry

“…Cyclic peroxides are generally composed of 5-, 6-, or 9-membered rings, and fewer cyclic peroxide properties are known compared to the alkyl/acyl compounds [2]. Despite the lack of nitro-(NO 2 ) groups in peroxide explosives, the O-O bonds may provide sufficient oxygen for rapid self-oxidation and explosion [1]. It is known that the cyclic peroxides detonate relatively easily, being sensitive to heat, friction, shock, and impact [1][2][3][4].…”

“…However, handling/producing it is dangerous due to its sensitivity to initiation. HMTD contains three peroxide linkages per molecule and generates 60% of the blast strength of TNT [1]. Its destructive power and explosive intensity combined with Science and Justice xxx (2015) xxx-xxx Abbreviations: DI, deionized; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; GC/MS, gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer; HMTD, hexamethylene triperoxide diamine; HPLC/ MS, high performance liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer; IED, improvised explosive device; LC/APCI-MS, liquid chromatograph/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometer; LC/MS, liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer; LOD, limit of detection; MS/MS, mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; RDX, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine; S/N, signal-to-noise; TATP, triacetone triperoxide; TIC, total ion chromatogram; TLC, thin layer chromatography; TNT, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene.…”

“…The ability to detect and identify peroxide explosives has become particularly important in recent years due to their increasing prevalence in criminal and terrorist improvised explosive devices (IEDs) [1]. Peroxide explosives are organic compounds composed of one or more peroxide functional groups (R-O-O-R) and are separated into two classes: alkyl/acyl peroxides and cyclic peroxides [2,3].…”

“…It is known that the cyclic peroxides detonate relatively easily, being sensitive to heat, friction, shock, and impact [1][2][3][4]. Therefore, cyclic peroxides are classified as primary explosives [1][2][3].…”

Expert System for Bomb Factory Detection by Networks of Advance Sensors

“…The behaviour of terrorists using explosives changed in last decade of bombings: improvised explosives (IEs) produced with chemical substances available on the market substituted commercial and military explosives [1][2][3][4]. The chemical substances used in home-made preparations of IEs are called precursors.…”