Explosivstoffe

Köhler, Josef; Meyer, Rudolf; Homburg, Axel

doi:10.1002/9783527623402

Cited by 99 publications

(98 citation statements)

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“…Both PVN and PVC are solvent cast from dilute (5-10 wt.%) polymer solutions, and are linear polymers with a well defined softening temperature of 30-45 8C for PVN [11], and a melting temperature ranging from 175 to 212 8C for PVC [12]. GAP is a crosslinked polymer and shows therefore no signs of softening or melting.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers as fuel for laser-based microthrusters: An investigation of thrust, material, plasma and shockwave properties

Urech

Lippert

Phipps

et al. 2007

Applied Surface Science

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers as fuel for laser-based microthrusters: An investigation of thrust, material, plasma and shockwave properties

Urech

Lippert

Phipps

et al. 2007

Applied Surface Science

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“…[70] Tables 4 and 5 also contain the phisiochemical properties of salts 3-8 (including 6 a and 7 a). The densities range from low (1 calcd (3) = 1.399 g cm À3 ) to moderate (1 calcd (5) = 1.669 g cm…”

Section: Physical and Energetic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

1,2,4‐Triazolium‐Cation‐Based Energetic Salts

Darwich

Klapötke

Sabaté

2008

Chemistry A European J

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3,4,5-Triamino-1,2,4-triazole (guanazine, 1) can be readily methylated with methyl iodide yielding methylguanazinium iodide (2). Salts containing the novel methylguanazinium cation with energetic anions were synthesised by metathesis reactions with silver azide (3), silver nitrate (4), silver perchlorate (5), sodium 5,5'-azotetrazolate (6), silver 5-nitrotetrazolate (7) and silver dinitramide (8), yielding a new family of heterocycle-based salts, which were fully characterised by analytical (mass spectrometry and elemental analysis) and spectroscopic methods (IR, Raman and NMR). In addition, the molecular structures of all compounds were confirmed by X-ray analysis, revealing extensive hydrogen-bonding in the solid state and densities between 1.399 (3) and 1.669 g cm(-3) (5). The hydrogen-bonded ring motifs are discussed in the formalism of graph-set analysis for hydrogen-bond patterns and compared to each other. Preliminary sensitivity testing of the crystalline compounds indicate surprisingly low sensitivities to both friction and impact, the highest friction and shock sensitivity being found for the perchlorate (5, 220 N) and the dinitramide (8, 20 J) salts, respectively. In addition, DSC analysis was used to assess the thermal stabilities of the compounds: 3-6 melt above 200 degrees C with concomitant decomposition, whereas 7 and 8 have clearly defined melting points at 162 and 129 degrees C, respectively, and with decomposition occurring about 30 degrees C above the melting point. Lastly all compounds have positive calculated heats of formation between 336 (4) and 4070 kJ kg(-1) (6) and calculated detonation velocities in the range between 8330 (7) and 8922 m s(-1) (6) making them of interest as new highly energetic materials with low sensitivity.

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“…According to BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung), a compound can be classified as being insensitive (impact energy > 40 J; friction force > 360 N), less sensitive (impact energy !35 J; friction force ¼ 360 N), sensitive (impact energy !4 J; friction force <360 N to >80 N), very sensitive (impact energy 3J; friction force 80 N) and extremely sensitive (impact energy 3 J; friction force 10 N). Of all the compounds tested, the following order of sensitivity including the standard explosives TNT, RDX, HMX and CL-20 arose: CL-20 (very sensitive, 4 J; 48N) [35] > TTD (sensitive, <30 J; 40 N) > HMX (sensitive, 7.4 J; <120 N) [35] ; RDX (sensitive, 7.4 J; 120 N) [35] ; BTAT (sensitive, 7J; >160 N) > TNT (sensitive, 15 J; 353 N) [35] > BTNA (sensitive, 15 J; >360 N) > BTHC (insensitive, >100 J; >360 N). By applying the calculated density values obtained from the crystal structure determination and the calculated energy of formation, the performance parameters of I-V as well as 2,2,2-trinitroethanol (TNE), bis(2,2,2-trinitroethyl)amine (BTNA) and bis(2,2,2-trinitroethyl)carbonate (BTC) were calculated using the software EXPLO5 (v. 5.02) [36][37][38][39][40] , and are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Sensitivity and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxygen balance values near or greater than zero are highly desirable in order to reduce toxic fume gases like carbon monoxide. [35] The combined oxygen and nitrogen content of TNE, BTNA, BTC, TTD, BTTD, BTAT, TAF, and BTHC all lie within 82.2% to 85.1% with oxygen balance values ranging from À15.2% to þ13.3%. Of all the compounds studied in this work, TTD, BTTD, and BTATshow the highest predicted values for the velocity of detonation (BTTD: 9323 m s À1 ; BTAT: 9261 m s À1 ; TTD: 9194 m s À1 ), detonation pressure (BTAT: 389 kbar; BTTD: 388 kbar; TTD: 370 kbar) and heat of explosion (BTTD: 6479 kJ kg À1 ; BTAT: 6135 kJ kg À1 ; TTD: 6018 kJ kg À1 ) displaying performance values superior to RDX and comparable to HMX.…”

Section: Sensitivity and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Testing of Energetic Materials: The Concept of High Densities Based on the Trinitroethyl Functionality

Göbel

Klapötke

2009

Adv Funct Materials

212

116

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The development of new energetic materials is an emerging area of materials chemistry facilitated by a worldwide need to replace materials used at present, due to environmental considerations and safety requirements, while at the same time securing high performance. The development of such materials is complex, owing to the fact that several different and apparently mutually exclusive material properties have to be met in order for a new material to become widely accepted. In turn, understanding the basic principles of structure property relationships is highly desirable, as such an understanding would allow for a more rational design process to yield the desired properties. This article covers the trinitroethyl functionality and its potential for the design of next generation energetic materials, and describes relevant aspects of energetic materials chemistry including theoretical calculations capable of reliably predicting material properties. The synthesis, characterization, energetic properties, and structure property relationships of several new promising compounds displaying excellent material properties are reported with respect to different kinds of applications and compared to standard explosives currently used. Based on a review of trinitroethyl‐containing compounds available in the literature, as well as this new contribution, it is observed that high density can generally be obtained in a more targeted manner in energetic materials taking advantage of noncovalent bonding interactions, a prerequisite for the design of next generation energetic materials.

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Explosivstoffe

Cited by 99 publications

References 0 publications

Polymers as fuel for laser-based microthrusters: An investigation of thrust, material, plasma and shockwave properties

Polymers as fuel for laser-based microthrusters: An investigation of thrust, material, plasma and shockwave properties

1,2,4‐Triazolium‐Cation‐Based Energetic Salts

Development and Testing of Energetic Materials: The Concept of High Densities Based on the Trinitroethyl Functionality

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