Export of toxic chemicals – A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling

Wong, Ming Hung; Wu, Shengchun; Deng, Wenjing; Yu, Xi; Luo, Qian; Leung, Anna Oi Wah; Wong, Charles S.; Luksemburg, William; Wong, Amy

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.044

Cited by 690 publications

(392 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In China, Duan et al [11] found that PBDE concentrations in the soils from Chongming Island were similar to those in background soils in Europe. In addition, significantly higher PBDE concentrations were detected in soils from e-waste recycling sites in Guiyu [12][13][14], Qingyuan [15], and Taizhou, China [16]. The PBDE concentrations in the e-waste recycling sites of Qingyuan were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those reported in soils from other regions/countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Detailed information regarding the study areas is available in several other studies [13,17,[19][20][21][22]. Briefly, GY and QY are the two of the biggest e-waste recycling centers in China and have an e-waste recycling history of more than 10 years.…”

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, to the best of our knowledge, most of the studies in these regions have focused on the e-waste recycling sites [12][13][14][16][17][18]. Indeed, few studies have reported the contamination status in the areas surrounding e-waste recycling facilities, and those that have included only a small distance (2 km) from the facilities [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Gao

Hong

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in 60 surface soils from two e-waste recycling sites (Qingyuan and Guiyu, China) and their surrounding areas to assess the extent and influence of PBDEs from e-waste recycling sites on the surrounding areas. A total of 32 surface soils from industrial areas in South China were also investigated for comparison. The mean concentrations of total PBDEs in the e-waste recycling sites of Guiyu and Qingyuan were 2,909 and 3,230 ng/g dry weight, respectively, whereas the PBDE concentrations decreased dramatically (1-2 orders of magnitude) with increasing distance from the recycling site, suggesting that the e-waste recycling activities were the major source of PBDEs in the surrounding areas. Decabromodiphenyl ethers accounted for 77.0 to 85.8% of total PBDEs in e-waste recycling areas, whereas it accounted for 90.2% in industrial areas. Principal component analysis showed that the major source of PBDEs in e-waste recycling areas were a combination of penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE commercial formulations, whereas deca-BDE commercial formulations were the major source of PBDE congeners in industrial areas. The inventories of PBDEs gave preliminary estimates of 6.22 tons and 13.4 tons for the e-waste recycling areas and industrial areas. The results suggested that significantly higher PBDEs in the e-waste recycling sites have already affected surrounding areas negatively within a relatively large distance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Gao

Hong

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Due to the widely application of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in these electronic products, uncontrolled dismantling, acid treatment, and open burning of ewaste result in the emission of PBDEs into the ambient environment (Leung et al, 2006;Wong et al, 2007). Therefore, the growth of e-waste recycling industry particularly in the developing countries has drawn much attention as the source of environmental contamination with PBDEs (Betts, 2009;Leung et al, 2006;Ma et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated and methoxylated PBDEs in soils and plants from an e-waste area, China

Wang

Zhang

Huang

et al. 2014

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tIn order to characterize polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hydroxylated and methoxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in the soileplant system, soil and plant samples were collected from an e-waste recycling area in China. Forty one PBDEs, twelve OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were detected in the soil and plant samples. Concentrations of PBDEs in roots were significantly correlated to their concentrations in the soils, but the percentages of lower brominated congeners in the plants were higher than those in the soils. Significant positive linear relationships exist between concentrations of P OHPBDEs and P MeO-PBDEs with higher levels of P MeO-PBDEs than those of P OH-PBDEs in the soils, plant roots and leaves. A majority of the OH-/MeO-PBDEs had the hydroxyl or methoxy group at the ortho-positions to the biphenyl bond for most of the plant species. However the occurrence of meta-and para-substituted OH-/MeO-PBDEs in soils and plants were also confirmed.

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“…Guiyu, located in southern China, is one of the most representative examples, where thousands of farmers, without protective equipments, are now engaged in primitive and highly polluting electronic waste recycling [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead recovery and the feasibility of foam glass production from funnel glass of dismantled cathode ray tube through pyrovacuum process

Chen

Zhang²,

Zhu³

2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

123

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Export of toxic chemicals – A review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling

Cited by 690 publications

References 40 publications

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface soils from e‐waste recycling areas and industrial areas in South China: Concentration levels, congener profile, and inventory

Characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hydroxylated and methoxylated PBDEs in soils and plants from an e-waste area, China

Lead recovery and the feasibility of foam glass production from funnel glass of dismantled cathode ray tube through pyrovacuum process

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