Exposure and environmental contamination.

Mizgajska-Wiktor, Hanna; Uga, Shoji; Holland, Celia V.; Smith, H. V.

doi:10.1079/9781845930264.0211

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Seroprevalence surveys indicate that 3-7% of healthy adults and 15-23% of children typically have detectable antibodies to Toxocara (Won et al 2008;Romano et al 2010;Rubinsky-Elefant et al 2010), but higher values have been recorded from the tropics (Mizgajska 2001;Colli et al 2010). Studies from all over the world demonstrated high rates (10-30%) of soil contamination with Toxocara eggs in backyards, sandpits, parks, playgrounds, lake beaches, and other public places (Mizgajska-Wiktor and Uga 2006). Mizgajska (2001) concluded that the prevalence of human toxocarosis is proportional to soil contamination with infective eggs of Toxocara spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

et al. 2011

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The influence of temperature on the development and survival of Toxocara canis larvae was investigated under laboratory conditions, in water at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C and at room temperature 22°C ± 1°C. T. canis eggs were able to develop to the larvated stage at all the tested temperatures. Development rate increased with temperature. Linear regression of development rate against temperature predicted a lower development threshold of 11.8°C. Eggs survived cooling to 1 and -2°C for 6 weeks, and could develop to the infective, larvated stage when transferred to higher temperatures, but their development rates were then retarded compared with non-chilled eggs. Larvated eggs remained viable after 7 weeks of incubation across the tested temperature range, with the highest percentage viability (47%) obtained at 25°C. Development of eggs to the infective larval stage required, on average, 121 degree days between 20°C and 30°C. Results provide a basis for predicting variation in the infectivity of eggs in the environment over time in different climates.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

et al. 2011

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“…With a small garden shovel marked down with color lines to a depth of three cm, sampletakers dug square-shaped holes three cm deep, then collected the soil sample and placed it into plastic bags. 7,8 Where sample-takers noted that the soil was less dense, they dug below 3 cm to get a sample. They used air-tight plastic bags to store the samples.…”

Section: Figure 1 Demonstration Of the Examined Areas Throughout Attmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil contamination by Toxocara canis and human seroprevalence in the Attica region, Greece

Papavasilopoulos

Pitiriga

Birbas

et al. 2018

Germs

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Background Toxocara canis is one of the most widespread public health and economically important zoonotic parasitic infections humans share with canids, mainly dogs. Human infection occurs by the accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs or larvae from a range of wild and domestic paratenic hosts. The aim of the present study was to examine the soil contamination of public places by the parasitic ova and to estimate serologically the prevalence of T. canis human infection in the Attica region, Greece. Methods In this region, public areas are permanently inhabited by dogs, mostly stray dog population that is hardly kept down to a manageable level. A total of 1,510 soil samples were collected from 33 public places of six regional units of Attica from March 2014 to April 2014 and ova were detected using a microscopic assay. In addition, sera were collected from 250 residents, routinely active in the sampled areas, and tested for T. canis IgG antibodies using an enzyme immunoassay. Results T. canis eggs were isolated from 31 (94%) of the examined public areas. Of the total samples, T. canis ova were recovered from 258 samples, suggesting an overall T. canis ova contamination of 17.2%. The areas of higher socioeconomic status presented lower percentages of soil contamination in a statistically significant level, compared to the areas of lower socioeconomic status. T. canis IgG seropositivity was detected in 40 (16%) serum samples. Similar rates were established among T. canis seropositivity and soil contamination within the same geographical areas. The proportion of seropositive samples in the group of children was significantly higher compared to the proportion of adults (48% versus 8%, p<0.001). Conclusion The level of environmental T. canis contamination as well as human infection found in the Attica region calls for a greater awareness towards this public issue. Preventing measures should be implemented to control the spread of this parasitic infection.

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“…Before becoming infective, the ova undergo further development in the soil and can be viable for several years. Children are the most vulnerable ones because of their habit of playing with soil or objects contaminated with eggs [ 2 ]. Toxocara causes visceral larval migrans characterized by migration of larvae to different organs including the eyes and brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxocara(Nematoda: Ascaridida) and Other Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs Contaminating Soils in Selected Urban and Rural Areas in the Philippines

Chavez

2014

The Scientific World Journal

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The extent of contamination of soils with soil transmitted helminthes (STH) eggs, particularly Toxocara, was determined in selected urban and rural towns of Laguna, Philippines. Soil samples were collected from public schools, house yards, and empty lots. Results revealed that, of the 1480 soil samples collected, 460 (31%) were positive for STH eggs. Toxocara sp. was the most prevalent (77%), followed by Ascaris sp. (11%), hookworms/strongyles/free-living nematodes (7%), and Trichuris sp. (5%). Some soil physicochemical parameters were also determined and associated with Toxocara eggs prevalence and density in soil. Results revealed that Toxocara sp. eggs were most prevalent in less acidic, relatively high temperature and high moisture soil conditions. They were also prevalent in sandy, silty, and loamy soil textures but less prevalent in clayey. No significant differences were found between depth 1 (0–5 cm) and depth 2 (6–10 cm). This study revealed that Toxocara sp. eggs are ubiquitous and the extent of contamination in soils from the selected towns of Laguna is relatively high. Hence, the data generated in this study can be used in promoting public awareness, particularly for pet owners and local health officials, for effective prevention and control of this parasitosis.

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Exposure and environmental contamination.

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

Temperature and the development and survival of infective Toxocara canis larvae

Soil contamination by Toxocara canis and human seroprevalence in the Attica region, Greece

Toxocara(Nematoda: Ascaridida) and Other Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs Contaminating Soils in Selected Urban and Rural Areas in the Philippines

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