Exposure and reorganization: The what and how of effective psychotherapy

Carey, Timothy A.

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.004

Cited by 98 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Processing involves changing maladaptive associations between stimuli, responses, and meaning by activating this network of associations, introducing inconsistent information, and facilitating new responses [4,5]. Emotional arousal plus cognitive reflection, rather than arousal alone, is associated with lasting changes [6], and cognitive-emotional processing of adverse experiences provides more benefit than avoidance [7].…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, EBCT is a 20-session treatment that facilitates processing by helping patients to: (a) decrease avoidance and rumination (phase 1; 5–6 sessions), (b) approach avoided emotions and explore and disrupt depressive patterns (phase 2; 8–10 sessions), and (c) develop and strengthen more adaptive patterns (phase 3; 5–6 sessions) [5,12,13]. In phase 2, therapists use techniques akin to imaginal exposure, and patients gradually confront and explore experiences related to their negative views of self.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fostering Cognitive-Emotional Processing in the Treatment of Depression: A Preliminary Investigation in Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy

Holtforth

Hayes

Sutter

et al. 2012

Psychother Psychosom

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Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Fostering Cognitive-Emotional Processing in the Treatment of Depression: A Preliminary Investigation in Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy

Holtforth

Hayes

Sutter

et al. 2012

Psychother Psychosom

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“…His pioneering work has been fundamental for the development of many exposure-based approaches to behavioral disorders (e.g., García-García, Rosa-Alcázar & Olivares-Olivares, 2011; Pérez-Acosta, 2005; Richard & Lauterbach, 2006), despite more recent findings that suggest that mere exposure (i.e., extinction) is the major agent of change in exposure therapies (Carey, 2011), and not reciprocal inhibition as initially suggested by Wolpe (1954Wolpe ( , 1995.…”

Section: Wolpe's Anxious Catsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of psychopathology: Historical models and the pavlovian contribution

et al. 2012

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ResumenLa investigación con animales no humanos como sujetos experimentales, para entender el comportamiento humano, se basa en la noción darwiniana de la continuidad de las especies. En este marco encontramos modelos análogos para entender la biología y el comportamiento humanos en especies no humanas. En psicología, los modelos animales han probado ser una herramienta efectiva para el entendimiento del comportamiento humano, tanto normal como anormal. En la presente revisión discutimos cómo los modelos animales han sido usados al investigar la psicopatología. Luego de revisar tres modelos animales históricos de psicopatologías específicas, discutimos cómo los fenómenos descubiertos al estudiar el condicionamiento pavloviano han contribuido a nuestra comprensión de la etiología y mantención de la psicopatología humana, cómo la tradición pavloviana ha contribuido al desarrollo de mejores formas de tratamiento para desórdenes del comportamiento, y de forma más general, cómo los fenómenos pavlovianos se encuentran implicados en casi todas las interacciones entre un organismo y su ambiente.Palabras clave: Condicionamiento pavloviano, modelos animales, psicopatología experimental. AbstractResearch using non-human animals as experimental subjects to understand human behavior have been based on the Darwinian notion of continuity between species. In this framework, we find analogous models to understand human biology and behavior in nonhuman species. In the scientific study of psychology, animal models have proven to be an effective tool for understanding both normal and abnormal human behaviors.In the present review, we discuss how animal models have been used in investigating psychopathology. After reviewing three historical animal models of specific psychopathologies, we discuss how phenomena discovered while studying Pavlovian conditioning have contributed to our understanding of the etiology and maintenance of human psychopathology, how the Pavlovian tradition has contributed to the development of better ways to treat these behavioral disorders, and more generally, how Pavlovian phenomena are implicated in almost all interactions between an organism and its environment.

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“…In turn, higher task agreement leads the patient to engage more in IE and therefore have a better outcome. PCT may also be used to understand how exposure works [23]. Such mechanistic relationships needs to be concretely modeled and testing of them involves simulations (for instance, by use of a computer) to see whether the expected outcome is actually produced [23].…”

Section: Limitations Of the Multi-level Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCT may also be used to understand how exposure works [23]. Such mechanistic relationships needs to be concretely modeled and testing of them involves simulations (for instance, by use of a computer) to see whether the expected outcome is actually produced [23]. Still, mechanistic models lead to predictions about statistical relationships on an aggregated level (e.g., between task agreement a session and subsequent PTSD symptoms) and these predictions may be tested by use of the multilevel approach presented here.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Multi-level Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Need to Study Within-Person Processes in Psychotherapy: A Discussion of Alliance Studies

Hoffart¹

2014

SOJP

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The typical alliance data, collected once early in therapy, or occasionally during therapy, are poorly suited for evaluating within-person processes [9]. Only repeated measures data allow for the proper disaggregation of between-person and withinperson effects [9,10]. When a set of measures is collected at a single point of time from multiple individuals, the resulting data provide information only about between-person relationships. In contrast, when a set of measures are collected at multiple points in time from multiple individuals, the resulting data contain information about both between-person and withinperson differences. Such data must be carefully specified to avoid confounding the two sources of variability.A disaggregation of the between-person and within-person variance components of a predictor not only allows the study of within-person processes separated from between-person effects, but also is able to examine cross-level interactions of betweenand within-person effects. For instance, the effect of reporting more alliance than expected for a particular patient may matter more for patients who have lower alliance in general. When the general (between-person) level of bond is low, for example when the patient has low trust that the therapist wants the best for him/her and is therefore preoccupied with this issue, a certain increase of this trust in a particular session might be a valued event with an immediate effect on symptoms. On the other hand, when the patient's trust is high already and not an issue for him/ her, the same increase would probably have less consequences.So far, the ability to separate these effects has not been fully capitalized upon in alliance research. Notable exceptions are the studies of Tasca and Lampard [1] and Falkenström et al.[2] and our own study Hoffart et al. [3]. The purpose of the present short communication is to present and discuss these studies, with particular emphasis on our own study.

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Exposure and reorganization: The what and how of effective psychotherapy

Cited by 98 publications

References 70 publications

Fostering Cognitive-Emotional Processing in the Treatment of Depression: A Preliminary Investigation in Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy

Fostering Cognitive-Emotional Processing in the Treatment of Depression: A Preliminary Investigation in Exposure-Based Cognitive Therapy

Animal models of psychopathology: Historical models and the pavlovian contribution

The Need to Study Within-Person Processes in Psychotherapy: A Discussion of Alliance Studies

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