Exposure and Risk Assessment to Airborne dl-PCBs and Dioxins in the Population Living in the Neighborhood of a Cement Plant: A Pilot Study in the Valencian Region of Spain

Abstract

Emissions from cement manufacturing facilities may increase health risks in nearby populations. For this reason, dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) concentrations in PM10 samples were assessed in the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant located in the Valencian Region (eastern Spain). The total concentrations of the sum of dl-PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs ranged between 1.85 and 42.53 fg TEQ/m3 at the assessed stations. The average daily inhalation dose (DID) for the sum in adults ranged from 8.93 · 10−4 to 3.75 · 10−3 pg WHO TEQ kg−1 b.w. d−1, and, for children, the DID ranged from 2.01 · 10−3 to 8.44 · 10−3 pg WHO TEQ kg−1 b.w. d−1. Risk assessment for adults and children was performed using both daily and chronic exposure. The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated considering 0.025 pg WHO TEQ kg−1 b.w. d−1 to be the acceptable maximum permitted inhalation exposure. The HQ obtained was slightly higher than 1 for PCDD/Fs at one of the stations (Chiva), indicating a possible health risk for the population under study due to inhalation exposure. In the case of chronic exposure, cancer risk (>10−6) was observed for some samples in one of the assessed sampling sites (Chiva).

Optimizing the Elimination of Dioxin-Like Compounds (PCDD/Fs and PCBs) Through Effective Combustion Practices in the Flue Gas in the Medical Waste Incineration Facility

“…Cheruiyot et al [76] observed that MSWIs utilizing activated carbon injection exhibited lower EF of 0.711 µg I-TEQ tonwaste -1 . Pham et al [77] reported the EF ranging from 0.011 -374 ng TEQ kg-waste -1 while recently, Ruiz et al [78] reported the lower EF of 1.85 ng TEQ kg-waste -1 . The comparison of our EF findings with Pham et al [77] and Ruiz et al [78] supports the hypothesis highlighted by Cheruiyot et al [76] that the combination of dry scrubber and baghouse is effective for simultaneous reduction of EF in flue gas emissions.…”