Exposure Assessment for a Field Investigation of the Acute Respiratory Effects of Metalworking Fluids. I. Summary of Findings

Woskie, Susan; Virji, Mohamed A.; Kriebel, David; Sama, Susan; Eberiel, David; Milton, Donald K.; Hammond, S. Katharine; Moure‐Eraso, Rafael

doi:10.1202/0002-8894(1996)057<1154:eafafi>2.0.co;2

Cited by 9 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The Kennedy et al exposure-response analyses used the mass concentration of particles of ,9.8 µm in aerodynamic diameter, calculated from the mass on the second stage and backup filter of the impactor. But because both the seven-hole sampler and the total impactor mass (both stages and backup filter) collect a sample that approximates the inhalable particle size fraction for particles with aerodynamic diameters of ,20 µm [Chung et al, 1987;Rubow et al, 1987], it was necessary to recalculate the exposure data from the Kennedy et al study so that they could be compared to those from the present study [Woskie et al, 1996]. This comparison shows for example, that the geometric mean inhalable aerosol exposure concentration in machinists at this plant was 0.18 mg/m 3 -the same as for the ''unexposed'' assemblers in the previously studied plants (GM 5 0.18 mg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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A field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metal working fluids. I. Effects of aerosol exposures

et al. 1997

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A study of cross‐shift change in pulmonary function was conducted among workers exposed to metal working fluids (MWF) in an automobile parts manufacturing company. Three hundred eighty‐six workers (216 machinists exposed to straight or soluble MWFs, and 170 nonmachinists) were studied for 1 day, performing spirometry at the beginning and end of their shift. Airborne concentrations of inhalable particulate, culturable bacteria, and endotoxin were measured. We observed an approximately threefold increase in the incidence of 5% or greater cross‐shift decrement in forced expiratory volume during the first second among those with exposures above about 0.15 mg/m3, compared to those with exposures below about 0.08 mg/m3. There was some evidence that chronic respiratory symptoms were more prevalent among machinists than among nonmachinists, notably for chronic cough. Baseline FEV1 was about 3% lower on average among those with soluble MWF exposure compared to nonmachinists. These findings are consistent with earlier studies showing respiratory effects of MWFs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:756–766, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Machining areas of the plant showed higher mean exposures to inhalable aerosol, culturable bacteria, and airborne endotoxin than nonmachining areas [Woskie et al, 1996] (Table II). Within this overall pattern, certain comparisons are worth noting.…”

Section: Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metal working fluids. I. Effects of aerosol exposures

et al. 1997

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“…A higher culturable Gram-positive flora than Gram-negative is considered to be typical of most environments. 7,22,59,60 Most studies on exposure to cotton dust have focused on airborne levels of endotoxin and Gramnegative bacteria. However, the vast majority of bacteria isolated from cotton dust are Gram-positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,[19][20][21][22] Endotoxin activity is measured biologically by the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) clotting assay. [23][24][25] LPS can differ in biological activity depending on the source.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Concentration of Bacteria and Their Cell Envelope Components in Indoor Air in Two Elementary Schools

Liu

Krahmer

Fox

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Bacterial cell envelope components are widely distributed in airborne dust, where they act as inflammatory agents causing respiratory symptoms. Measurements of these agents and other environmental factors are assessed in two elementary schools in a southeastern city in the United States. Muramic acid (MA) was used as a marker for bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were used as markers for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culturable bacteria were collected using an Andersen sampler with three different culture IMPLICATIONS Levels of bacteria and their constituents (PG and LPS) are correlated with total surface dust and TSP levels in school environments. This suggests an important environmental health guideline for school administrators: decreasing both surface dust and TSP levels will likely reduce potential exposure to harmful biocontaminants. The high correlations between CO 2 and levels of bacteria and their constituents also indicate that an appropriate air-exchange rate may help minimize biocontamination. The analytical MA and 3-OH FA methods measure culturable and nonculturable bacteria as well as bacterial cell wall remnants, whereas the culture method only assesses the culturable portion of the bacterial population. Together, these three different measures provide complementary information for characterizing biocontamination of indoor air, which is more informative than information provided by culture alone. Additional evaluation of other environmental factors, including CO 2 and air-exchange rate, might suggest recommendations for lowering biocontamination in buildings.media. In addition, temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and CO 2 were continuously monitored.Concentrations of airborne MA and 3-OH FAs were correlated with total suspended particulate (TSP) levels. Outdoor MA (mean = 0.78-1.15 ng/m 3 ) and 3-OH FA levels (mean = 2.19-2.18 ng/m 3 ) were similar at the two schools. Indoor concentrations of airborne MA and 3-OH FAs differed significantly between schools (MA: 1.44 vs. 2.84 ng/m 3 ; 3-OH FAs: 2.96 vs. 4.57 ng/m 3 ). Although indoor MA levels were low, they were significantly related to teachers' perception of the severity of indoor air quality (IAQ) problems in their classrooms. Concentrations of CO 2 correlated significantly with all bacteria measurements. Because CO 2 levels were related to the number of occupants and the ventilation rates, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the children and teachers are sources of bacterial contamination. Many culturable bacteria present in indoor air are opportunistic organisms that can be infectious for compromised individuals, while both culturable and nonculturable bacterial remnants act as environmental toxins for both healthy and compromised individuals. Measuring the "total bacteria load" would be most accurate in assessing the biotoxicity of indoor air. Chemical analysis of MA and 3-OH FAs, when coupled with the conventional culture method, provides complementary infor...

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“…chromium, nickel, cobalt), microorganisms, antifoaming agents, and other organic and inorganic constituents, which can be toxic to operators (Woskie et al, 1996;Kennedy et al, 1999;Gordon, 2004). Epidemiological assessments with machine operators in the metalworking industry have identified dermatologic effects (Godderis et al, 2008) and respiratory effects (Barhad et al, 1975;Woskie et al, 1996;Greaves et al, 1997;Kennedy et al, 1999;Woskie et al, 2003;Park et al, 2007;Park et al, 2008). Kennedy et al (1999) reported an increase in bronchial responsiveness with symptoms of asthma in metalworking apprentices after 2 years of exposure, while a study by Park et al (2007) showed a decrease in pulmonary function with daily shift progression among machining workers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential pathogenic bacteria in metalworking fluids and aerosols from a machining facility

Perkins

Angenent

2010

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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The metalworking and machining industry utilizes recirculating metalworking fluids for integral aspects of the fabrication process. Despite the use of biocides, these fluids sustain substantial biological growth. Subsequently, the high-shear forces incurred during metalworking processing aerosolize bacterial cells and may cause dermatologic and respiratory effects in exposed workers. We quantified and identified the bacterial load for metalworking fluid and aerosol samples of a machining facility in the US Midwest during two seasons. To investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in fluid and air, we performed 16S rRNA gene surveys. The concentration of total bacterial cells (including culturable and nonculturable cells) was relatively constant throughout the study, averaging 5.1 × 10⁸ cells mL⁻¹ in the fluids and 4.8 × 10⁵ cells m⁻³ in the aerosols. We observed bacteria of potential epidemiologic significance from several different bacterial phyla in both fluids and aerosols. Most notably, Alcaligenes faecalis was identified through both direct sequencing and culturing in every sample collected. Elucidating the bacterial community with gene surveys showed that metalworking fluids were the source of the aerosolized bacteria in this facility.

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Exposure Assessment for a Field Investigation of the Acute Respiratory Effects of Metalworking Fluids. I. Summary of Findings

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

A field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metal working fluids. I. Effects of aerosol exposures

A field investigation of the acute respiratory effects of metal working fluids. I. Effects of aerosol exposures

Investigation of the Concentration of Bacteria and Their Cell Envelope Components in Indoor Air in Two Elementary Schools

Potential pathogenic bacteria in metalworking fluids and aerosols from a machining facility

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