Exposure assessment of workers in printed electronics workplace

Lee, Ji Hyun; Sohn, Eun Kyung; Ahn, Jin-Soo; Ahn, Kang‐Ho; Kim, Keun Soo; Lee, Jong Hwan; Lee, Taik Min; Yu, Il Je

doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.800617

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Less information is available on health risk of inhaled NPs at the workplace. Reported exposure levels in manufactories for printed electronics, nanoscale metal oxides, and ceramics were low and below the allowed limits [3][4][5][6]. On the other hand, exposure to metal NPs in precious metal refinery was higher than recommended limits, and mitigating measures were suggested [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Assessment of Chronic Nanoparticle Effects on Respiratory Cells

Frőhlich¹,

Meindl²

2015

Nanomaterials - Toxicity and Risk Assessment

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Nanoparticles (NPs) are included in a variety of consumer products including cosmetics, food, and food packaging. They are also used in medical products for dermal and oral application and for inhalation. The thinness of the air-blood barrier, the large absorption area of the lung, and the relatively low inactivation by enzymes provide fast entry to the systemic blood circulation at high drug concentrations. In addition to intended uptake, exposure to airborne particles from the environment and to NPs released during the manufacturing process may occur. Cytotoxicity is routinely studied for 4-48 h of exposure, but NPs may accumulate in cells and can cause cellular effects after longer times. Both extent and consequences of cellular NP accumulation are currently largely unknown. In vitro studies could help estimating the extent and the consequences of cellular accumulation and classify NPs according to their potential to cause adverse effects upon chronic exposure. Furthermore, such information could help to decrease the amount of labor-and cost-intensive and ethically problematic animal studies. Important parameters for representative chronic cytotoxicity testing in vitro include choice of the appropriate cells and of physiological relevant culture and exposure conditions, verification of uptake, and identification of cell damage. Calu-3 bronchial epithelial cells are a suggested cell line for physiologically relevant testing when cultured on membranes, which allows supplying the cells with nutrients only from the basal side (culture at an air-liquid interface). This culturing also enables the exposure to NPs by aerosol. Cytotoxicity can be identified by changes in cell number, membrane integrity, amount of DNA or protein, and metabolic activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Assessment of Chronic Nanoparticle Effects on Respiratory Cells

Frőhlich¹,

Meindl²

2015

Nanomaterials - Toxicity and Risk Assessment

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“…The basic technology is the one used for printed electronics, but this technology is quite recent too, and facing the same new challenges such as possible exposure to NM. [159] However, general considerations can still be made: while the amounts used in production far exceed those in the development phase of PV units, the exposure is generally more controlled. [158] The processes are standardized, and protective measures can be made part of the process.…”

Section: Occupational Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[166] Another example comes from printed electronics and an exposure assessment conducted by Lee et al in two facilities: a roll-based printing and coating facility and a nano thin SC/supercapacitors continuous printing production system. [159] Their study focused on concentration measurements of nanomaterials in the air. They measured the TWA for suspended particulate concentration and Ag nanoparticles and found in both cases values lower than the occupational exposure limits given by the American Conference of Governmental industrial hygienists (3 mg/m 3 for suspended particulate concentrations and 0.1 mg/m 3 for Ag powder).…”

Section: Occupational Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure

Buitrago

Novello

Meyer

2020

Helvetica Chimica Acta

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Solar energy is considered clean energy, and its use is predicted to increase in the near future. Most installed units today are crystalline solar cells, but the field is in constant development, and when the first dye sensitized solar cell was published by Grätzel and O'Reagan a new, third‐generation, solar power was born. Highly toxic metals are used to produce the photovoltaic units today, and with the predicted increase in solar cell installation, the human health hazards of these panels could become an issue. Additionally, many of these materials are used in their nanoform, which is associated with an additional risk. In this article, we discuss the technology behind the third‐generation solar cells with its valuable use of nanotechnology as well as the possible health hazard when such nanomaterials are used in solar power units. We will show that the main exposure will occur either during the development and production phases or at the end‐of‐life stage of the solar cells, where toxic material can leach into landfills, and subsequently into the environment and impact the ecosystem directly, or humans indirectly through edible plants or drinking water.

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“…Based on the scores of the risk of bias in Table 2, we excluded 3 papers because of low scores of the risk of bias, in particular the score of RB1 [9,15,20]. The 11 papers reported 27 cases for which we could obtain the PF eng [7, 8, 10-12, 14, 16-19, 21].…”

Section: Effects Of Enclosure and Ventilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One paper on an international survey regarding occupational health and safety programs, engineering controls and PPE, did not contain data on the concentrations of airborne MNMs particles [13] and could not be used for the calculation of PFs. The remaining 14 papers reported on: enclosure systems (down flow clean rooms with ventilated enclosure hood); ventilation (LEV, enclosure type LEV with proper face velocity, process ventilation, biosafety cabinets); specialized ventilation systems (thermal displacement ventilation); and segregation sources (reactor cabinets) [7][8][9][10][11][12][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Effects Of Enclosure and Ventilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effectiveness of Specific Risk Mitigation Techniques Used in the Production and Handling of Manufactured Nanomaterials: A Systematic Review

Myojo

Nagata

Verbeek

2017

J UOEH

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: Many kinds of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) have been developed and used as basic materials of industrial products, and they may pose health risks for workers in not only developed countries but also in developing countries. Few studies have looked at the evidence for effects of controls that mitigate the risk of exposure to MNMs. Therefore, we systematically searched the literature from the year 2000 to 2015. We included studies that compared the use of an exposure control to the situation without such a technique and those that measured the exposure to MNMs as the outcome. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these controls, we used their "protection factor", defined as the ratio between concentrations without and with the control. We located 1,131 references in PubMed and other lists, and out of these references, 41 studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. We categorized them as engineering controls such as enclosure, local exhaust ventilation or process automation, and as personal protective equipment (PPE). For enclosure systems we found a protection factor beyond 100. For other engineering controls, the better controls scored 10 to 20, but many cases of local exhaust ventilation had a protection factor of less than 10 and some cases even increased exposure. PPE such as N95 or equivalent filtering respirators had a protection factor of approximately 10 tested with nano-sized aerosols. We conclude that there is low quality evidence that specific engineering controls can reduce exposure to MNMs but that enclosure is considerably more effective. For respiratory protection the evidence is of very low quality due to the lack of field studies. This information can be used to decide about controls when exposure to MNMs exceeds proposed occupational exposure limits or when no toxicological information is available for a MNM.

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Exposure assessment of workers in printed electronics workplace

Cited by 24 publications

References 6 publications

In Vitro Assessment of Chronic Nanoparticle Effects on Respiratory Cells

In Vitro Assessment of Chronic Nanoparticle Effects on Respiratory Cells

Third‐Generation Solar Cells: Toxicity and Risk of Exposure

The Effectiveness of Specific Risk Mitigation Techniques Used in the Production and Handling of Manufactured Nanomaterials: A Systematic Review

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