Exposure Assessment to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields in Occupational Military Scenarios: A Review

Abstract

(1) Background: Radiofrequency radiations are used in most devices in current use and, consequently, the assessment of the human exposure to the radiofrequency radiations has become an issue of strong interest. Even if in the military field there is wide use of radiofrequency devices, a clear picture on the exposure assessment to the electromagnetic field of the human beings in the military scenario is still missing. (2) Methods: a review of the scientific literature regarding the assessment of the exposure of the military personnel to the RF specific to the military environment, was performed. (3) Results: the review has been performed grouping the scientific literature by the typology of military devices to which the military personnel can be exposed to. The military devices have been classified in four main classes, according to their intended use: communication devices, localization/surveillance devices, jammers and EM directed-energy weapons. (4) Discussion and Conclusions: The review showed that in the exposure conditions here evaluated, there were only occasional situations of overexposure, whereas in the majority of the conditions the exposure was below the worker exposure limits. Nevertheless, the limited number of studies and the lack of exposure assessment studies for some devices prevent us to draw definitive conclusions and encourage further studies on military exposure assessment.

Evaluating radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in confined spaces: a systematic review of recent studies and future directions

“…The results showed that placing the operator’s arm on the vehicle increased the SAR from 0.43 to 2.03 mW kg \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document} $^{-1}$\end{document} . However, the human body exposure in this study was in line with guideline limits of military applications ( 17 ) .…”

“…reviewed studies related to RF-EMF exposure in occupational military scenarios. They found that exposure varied depending on the source of RF-EMF exposure, and further studies are necessary to assess exposure for specific devices and technologies such as 5G devices, especially in military scenarios ( 17 ) . In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in computational dosimetric studies on RF-EMF exposure above 6 GHz.…”

Uso de Inteligência Artificial na Pecuária: Revisão de literatura

“…Como os RPAS não dependem de pilotos de voo, eles inicialmente buscaram atender aos requisitos militares de armas e inteligência (Yaacoub et al, 2020;Abade et al, 2016). Os dispositivos RPAS modernos são controlados remotamente ou operam de forma autônoma com software sincronizado com GPS e outros sensores, pelos quais suas rotas e funções são predefinidas (Gallucci et al, 2022;Baena et al, 2018).…”