Exposure of Immunogenic Tumor Antigens in Surrendered Immunity and the Significance of Autologous Tumor Cell-Based Vaccination in Precision Medicine

Abstract

The mechanisms by which immune systems identify and destroy tumors, known as immunosurveillance, have been discussed for decades. However, several factors that lead to tumor persistence and escape from the attack of immune cells in a normal immune system have been found. In the process known as immunoediting, tumors decrease their immunogenicity and evade immunosurveillance. Furthermore, tumors exploit factors such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressive cells, and inhibitory cytokines that avoid cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognition. Current immunotherapies targeting tumors and their surroundings have been proposed. One such immunotherapy is autologous cancer vaccines (ACVs), which are characterized by enriched tumor antigens that can escalate specific CTL responses. Unfortunately, ACVs usually fail to activate desirable therapeutic effects, and the low immunogenicity of ACVs still needs to be elucidated. This difficulty highlights the significance of immunogenic antigens in antitumor therapies. Previous studies have shown that defective host immunity triggers tumor development by reprogramming tumor antigenic expressions. This phenomenon sheds new light on ACVs and provides a potential cue to improve the effectiveness of ACVs. Furthermore, synergistically with the ACV treatment, combinational therapy, which can reverse the suppressive tumor microenvironments, has also been widely proposed. Thus, in this review, we focus on tumor immunogenicity sculpted by the immune systems and discuss the significance and application of restructuring tumor antigens in precision medicine.

Turning foes to friends: Advanced “in situ nanovaccine” with dual immunoregulation for enhanced immunotherapy of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

“…CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes can recognize the antigenic targets presented on tumors and subsequently secrete cytokines to eliminate tumor cells. Meanwhile, helper CD4 + T cells play an equally important role in the immune response by preventing CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes exhaustion and maintaining the cytolytic responses of CTLs [ 45 ]. These results suggested that Au/CuNDs-R848-mediated PTT/CDT can effectively stimulate in vivo anti-tumor T cell immunity.…”

Machine learning-derived identification of tumor-infiltrating immune cell-related signature for improving prognosis and immunotherapy responses in patients with skin cutaneous melanoma

“…Similarly, the present study observed higher immune scores and higher abundance of M1 macrophages, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells and NK cells in the high-MLDIS group, further suggesting the influence of these tumor-infiltrating immune cells on melanoma development. High levels of infiltration of CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, neutrophils, B cells, M1-polarized macrophages and dendritic cells determine the pre-existing anti-tumor immune activity of patients and are associated with better prognosis and longer survival in patients receiving immunotherapy [ 39 – 41 ]. MLDIS correlated significantly with the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy, and their high expression levels predicted good prognostic benefit.…”

Advancements and Challenges in the Application of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Nanocomposites for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

“… 130 Immunotherapy’s potential is frequently undermined by an immunosuppressive milieu fostered by tumor-associated immune cells and the evasion of immune surveillance by tumor cells. 128 , 129 Consequently, the scientific community remains engaged in the development of more efficacious treatment strategies to augment therapeutic outcomes in oncology 131 , 132 ( Figure 6 ).…”

“…Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society. 131

Figure 7 Schematic of ( A ) the fabrication process and ( B ) Cu-TCPC (Al) -Pt-FA stimulates the development of tumor immunity by depleting glutathione in cancer cells to enhance the effects of ROS and catalyzing O2 production by Pt NPs to reduce the inhibitory effect of tumor-induced hypoxic microenvironment on immune cells. Reprinted with permission from Chen Z, Wu Y, Yao Z, et al 2D Copper(II) metalated metal-organic framework nanocomplexes for dual-enhanced photodynamic therapy and amplified antitumor immunity.

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