Exposure of U.S. Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999–2004: II. The Contribution of Lead-Contaminated Dust to Children’s Blood Lead Levels

Dixon, Sherry; Gaitens, Joanna M.; Jacobs, David E.; Strauss, Warren; Nagaraja, Jyothi; Pivetz, Tim; Wilson, Jonathan; Ashley, Peter

doi:10.1289/ehp.11918

Cited by 136 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Among the various environmental media, dust has usually been reported to have relatively high levels of toxic pollutants (Leung et al 2008(Leung et al , 2011Tang et al 2013;Xu et al 2015). Many previous studies have shown that the concentrations of toxic chemicals in the human body are strongly associated with those in dust, suggesting that dust is a significant exposure pathway to toxic substances (Dixon et al 2009;Watkins et al 2011).…”

Section: Responsible Editor: Ester Heathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health

Tang

Huang

Yang

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Road dusts were collected from an area where intense mechanical recycling of plastic wastes occurs in Wen'an, north China. These dusts were investigated for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals contamination to assess the health risk related to these components. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) and Σ 21 PBDE concentrations in these dusts ranged from 2.67 to 10, 424 ng g −1 and from 3.23 to 10,640 ng g −1 , respectively.These PBDE concentrations were comparable to those observed in road dust from e-waste recycling areas but were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than concentrations in outdoor or road dusts from other areas. This indicates that road dusts in the study area have high levels of PBDE pollution. BDE-209 was the predominant congener, accounting for 86.3 % of the total PBDE content in dusts. Thus, commercial deca-BDE products were the dominant source. The average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Zn in these same dust samples were 10. 1, 0.495, 112, 54.7, 0.150, 71.8, 10.6, and 186 mg kg, respectively. The geoaccumulation index suggests that road dusts in this area are moderately to heavily polluted with Cd, Hg, and Sb. This study shows that plastic waste processing is a major source of toxic pollutants in road dusts in this area. Although the health risk from exposure to dust PBDEs was low, levels of some heavy metals in this dust exceeded acceptable risk levels for children and are of great concern.

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Section: Responsible Editor: Ester Heathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health

Tang

Huang

Yang

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] House dust, which can be contaminated by small particles of lead-based paint or track-in of lead-contaminated soil, is a major pathway of lead exposure for children who live in older, poorly maintained housing. 40 Ingestions of lead-contaminated house dust and soil are also the primary pathways of exposure for children who live in homes that were recently abated or renovated.…”

Section: Sources and Variability Of Lead Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…38,40 At a floor standard of 40 μg/ft 2 , the current EPA standard for floors, 50% of children were estimated to have a blood lead concentration ≥5 μg/dL (≥50 ppb); 5% of children have a blood lead concentration ≥5 μg/dL (≥50 ppb) at a median floor dust lead level of 1.5 μg/ft 2 (Fig 4). 42 Scraping, sanding, or construction during painting, repair, renovation, or abatement of older housing can result in lead contamination of a child's environment. 41,[43][44][45]54 In a controlled study of children with baseline blood lead concentrations 7 44 reported that 6-month-old infants were 11 times more likely to have a ≥5 μg/dL (≥50 ppb) increase in blood lead concentrations after abatement compared with older children.…”

Section: Lead In Paint and Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity

Lanphear¹,

Lowry²,

Ahdoot³

et al. 2016

Pediatrics

182

140

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Blood lead concentrations have decreased dramatically in US children over the past 4 decades, but too many children still live in housing with deteriorated lead-based paint and are at risk for lead exposure with resulting lead-associated cognitive impairment and behavioral problems. Evidence continues to accrue that commonly encountered blood lead concentrations, even those below 5 µg/dL (50 ppb), impair cognition; there is no identified threshold or safe level of lead in blood. From 2007 to 2010, approximately 2.6% of preschool children in the United States had a blood lead concentration ≥5 µg/dL (≥50 ppb), which represents about 535 000 US children 1 to 5 years of age. Evidence-based guidance is available for managing increased lead exposure in children, and reducing sources of lead in the environment, including lead in housing, soil, water, and consumer products, has been shown to be cost-beneficial. Primary prevention should be the focus of policy on childhood lead toxicity.

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“…Darus et al [24] studied the indoor floor dust in three nursery schools in Malaysia and found that the heavy metal concentrations followed the order Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Ba > Cu > Cr > Ni, with Fe reaching 7919 mg·kg defined by the French Committee of Public Health (HCSP) that motivates childhood Pb poisoning screening [27]. This recently established guideline is consistent with the threshold of 64-128 µg·m −2 defined by Dixon et al [28] for protecting children from high blood Pb levels (PbB ≥ 10 μg/dL). Additional data regarding the Pb levels in settled dust in classrooms and in wall paints are presented in Derbez et al [29].…”

Section: −2mentioning

confidence: 73%

Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to characterise the contamination in settled dust in French classrooms and to provide an overview of the influencing factors of dust contamination. Cat, dog and dust mite allergens and metals were measured in 51 classrooms at 17 schools. The concentrations of pet allergens in settled dust were generally low (mean value of 0.1 µg·g −1 ), with carpeted and rug-covered floors presenting higher dust and cat allergen concentrations. The highest metal loadings in dust were observed for manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), while the lead (Pb) loadings were lower (16 ± 19 µg·m −2) and fell below the French guideline. Higher metal leachability was found for cadmium (Cd), Cu, Pb and strontium (Sr) at values of approximately 80%, which suggest that, in cases of dust ingestion by children, a large proportion should be assimilated through the gastro-intestinal tract. The intra-classroom and intra-school variabilities of the metal concentrations in settled dust were lower than the variability between schools. Classrooms with tiled floors had higher Pb loadings than classrooms with wood or vinyl floors. In addition, wet cleaning less than once a week resulted in greater loadings of Cu and Pb in the settled dust. Lastly, enrichment factors showed that metals in settled dust of classrooms were not only from the contribution of the natural background concentrations in soils.

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Exposure of U.S. Children to Residential Dust Lead, 1999–2004: II. The Contribution of Lead-Contaminated Dust to Children’s Blood Lead Levels

Cited by 136 publications

References 27 publications

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health

Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity

Exposure Assessment of Allergens and Metals in Settled Dust in French Nursery and Elementary Schools

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