Exposure pathways, levels and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans: A review

Wu, Zhenzhen; He, Chang; Han, Wei; Song, Jie; Li, Huijun; Zhang, Xiaogang; Jing, Xiping; Wu, Weidong

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109531

Cited by 162 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 230 publications

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“…Currently, halogen derivatives are replaced with other flame retardants, due to the toxicity of their combustion products and the corrosive effect of HCl or HBr emitted during combustion. Many chemicals, which were which were commonly used as fire retardants only couple of years ago, are now recognized as global contaminants due to adverse health effects in animals and humans, including endocrine and thyroid disruption, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and adverse effects on fetal and child development and neurologic function [37][38][39][40]. Brominated flame retardants (e.g., mixtures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers or polychlorinated biphenyls) are a major source of toxic tetra-to octa-brominated dioxin and furan contamination.…”

Section: Typical Flame Retardants For Polymer Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development

Sienkiewicz

Czub

2020

Materials

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Due to the thermal and fire sensitivity of polymer bio-composite materials, especially in the case of plant-based fillers applied for them, next to intensive research on the better mechanical performance of composites, it is extremely important to improve their reaction to fire. This is necessary due to the current widespread practical use of bio-based composites. The first part of this work relates to an overview of the most commonly used techniques and different approaches towards the increasing the fire resistance of petrochemical-based polymeric materials. The next few sections present commonly used methods of reducing the flammability of polymers and characterize the most frequently used compounds. It is highlighted that despite adverse health effects in animals and humans, some of mentioned fire retardants (such as halogenated organic derivatives e.g., hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ether) are unfortunately also still in use, even for bio-composite materials. The most recent studies related to the development of the flame retardation of polymeric materials are then summarized. Particular attention is paid to the issue of flame retardation of bio-based polymer composites and the specifics of reducing the flammability of these materials. Strategies for retarding composites are discussed on examples of particular bio-polymers (such as: polylactide, polyhydroxyalkanoates or polyamide-11), as well as polymers obtained on the basis of natural raw materials (e.g., bio-based polyurethanes or bio-based epoxies). The advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, as well as the flame retardants used in them, are highlighted.

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Section: Typical Flame Retardants For Polymer Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development

Sienkiewicz

Czub

2020

Materials

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“…Regulatory agencies defined limits of concentration bromide in drinking-waters at 6 mg/L for adults and 2 mg/L for children and acceptable daily intake currently ranges from 0 to 1 mg/Kg of bw [110]. Human exposure to brominated compounds usually occurs by food intake and consistently increases over time, resulting particularly higher in Occidental countries [118]. Breast milk as well as hair and adipose tissue may accumulate these chemicals, thus resulting as reservoirs for further persistence of brominated compounds in the human body [118].…”

Section: Overview On Other Halogenate Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human exposure to brominated compounds usually occurs by food intake and consistently increases over time, resulting particularly higher in Occidental countries [118]. Breast milk as well as hair and adipose tissue may accumulate these chemicals, thus resulting as reservoirs for further persistence of brominated compounds in the human body [118]. Bromide may interfere with thyroid homeostasis, particularly competing with I uptake and I clearance [119,120] however, human toxicity data demonstrated that polybrominated compounds may interfere with gonadal function and sexual steroids' metabolism [118].…”

Section: Overview On Other Halogenate Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breast milk as well as hair and adipose tissue may accumulate these chemicals, thus resulting as reservoirs for further persistence of brominated compounds in the human body [118]. Bromide may interfere with thyroid homeostasis, particularly competing with I uptake and I clearance [119,120] however, human toxicity data demonstrated that polybrominated compounds may interfere with gonadal function and sexual steroids' metabolism [118]. Fluoride and fluorinated compounds has been found in different rock-forming minerals, fertilizers, pesticides, and propellants, and has also been found in drinking water generally at acceptable levels according to regulatory agencies (<1.5 mg/L or <4 mg/L) [121] and groundwater [122].…”

Section: Overview On Other Halogenate Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluoride and fluorinated compounds has been found in different rock-forming minerals, fertilizers, pesticides, and propellants, and has also been found in drinking water generally at acceptable levels according to regulatory agencies (<1.5 mg/L or <4 mg/L) [121] and groundwater [122]. Considering that a low dose of fluoride increases overall oral health, several countries add it to their public water supply at 0.7 to 1.5 mg/L [118]. In Italy, public waters are naturally rich in fluoride (1 mg/L), thus making fluoride addition in public supply unnecessary [123].…”

Section: Overview On Other Halogenate Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interference on Iodine Uptake and Human Thyroid Function by Perchlorate-Contaminated Water and Food

et al. 2020

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Background: Perchlorate-induced natrium-iodide symporter (NIS) interference is a well-recognized thyroid disrupting mechanism. It is unclear, however, whether a chronic low-dose exposure to perchlorate delivered by food and drinks may cause thyroid dysfunction in the long term. Thus, the aim of this review was to overview and summarize literature results in order to clarify this issue. Methods: Authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, institutional websites and Google until April 2020 for relevant information about the fundamental mechanism of the thyroid NIS interference induced by orally consumed perchlorate compounds and its clinical consequences. Results: Food and drinking water should be considered relevant sources of perchlorate. Despite some controversies, cross-sectional studies demonstrated that perchlorate exposure affects thyroid hormone synthesis in infants, adolescents and adults, particularly in the case of underlying thyroid diseases and iodine insufficiency. An exaggerated exposure to perchlorate during pregnancy leads to a worse neurocognitive and behavioral development outcome in infants, regardless of maternal thyroid hormone levels. Discussion and conclusion: The effects of a chronic low-dose perchlorate exposure on thyroid homeostasis remain still unclear, leading to concerns especially for highly sensitive patients. Specific studies are needed to clarify this issue, aiming to better define strategies of detection and prevention.

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A cleanup method of serum extracts with molecular sieves as SPE sorbents for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

Liu

Jin

Xue³

et al. 2022

J of Separation Science

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Based on the size-and shape-selective sorption, 13X molecular sieves were developed as solid-phase extraction adsorbents to cleanup serum extract for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The important parameters affecting the cleanup efficiency were investigated including the amount of sorbents, the type, and volume of solvents. Under the optimized conditions, the capacity for removing impurities was evaluated via gel permeation chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated that up to 99% of lipids in corn oil (13 mg) can be removed after cleanup, and endogenous compounds in serum can also be effectively eliminated. The cleanup efficiency is not only superior to hydrophile-lipophile balance column, but also close to acid silica gel and multifunction impurity sorbents. Generally, the developed cleanup method exhibited higher recovery for polybrominated diphenyl ethers with more than four bromines, especially for nona-and deca-brominated diphenyl ethers (99.1˗117.8%). The cleanup method can be coupled with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for polybrominated diphenyl ethers analysis in human serum. The method detection limits were 0.01˗0.27 ng/mL and average recovery was 50.9˗113.

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Exposure pathways, levels and toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans: A review

Cited by 162 publications

References 230 publications

Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development

Flame Retardancy of Biobased Composites—Research Development

Interference on Iodine Uptake and Human Thyroid Function by Perchlorate-Contaminated Water and Food

A cleanup method of serum extracts with molecular sieves as SPE sorbents for the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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