Exposure set-ups for in vivo experiments using radial waveguides

Reinhardt, Tina; Bitz, Andreas K.; Ouardi, A. El; Streckert, Joachim; Sommer, Angela; Lerchl, Alexander; Hansen, V.

doi:10.1093/rpd/ncm370

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Studies involving animals exposed to RF have often been conducted with restrained animals in various systems (Veyret 2004, Berdinas-Torres et al 2006, Matinfar et al 2007, Wake et al 2007. The systems that allow whole-body exposure are the reverberating chamber (RC) (Berdinas-Torres 2007, Jung et al 2008 and anechoic chamber (Guy 1979), TEM cell (Goiceanu et al 2005) and waveguides (Reinhardt et al 2007). Among them, the RC is advantageous for non-restrained whole-body exposure (that could be important for pregnant and new-born animals).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-body new-born and young rats' exposure assessment in a reverberating chamber operating at 2.4 GHz

Hadjem

Wong

et al. 2010

Phys. Med. Biol.

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This paper presents the whole-body specific absorption rate (WBSAR) assessment of embryos and new-born rats' exposure in a reverberating chamber (RC) operating at 2.4 GHz (WiFi). The finite difference in time domain (FDTD) method often used in bio-electromagnetism is facing very slow convergence. A new simulation-measurement hybrid approach has been proposed to characterize the incident power related to the RC and the WBSAR in rats, which are linked by the mean squared electric field strength in the working volume. Peak localized SAR in the rat under exposure is not included in the content of the study. Detailed parameters of this approach are determined by simulations. Evolutions for the physical and physiological parameters of the small rats at different ages are discussed. Simulations have been made to analyse all the variability factors contributing to the global results. WBSAR information and the variability for rats at different ages are also discussed in the paper.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-body new-born and young rats' exposure assessment in a reverberating chamber operating at 2.4 GHz

Hadjem

Wong

et al. 2010

Phys. Med. Biol.

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“…), three groups of 15 females were transferred to the exposure units, kept individually in cages, and whole‐body exposed 24 h/day, 7 days/week to one of the three conditions: 0 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) (sham‐exposed), 0.04 W/kg SAR, or 0.4 W/kg SAR. Nominal whole‐body SAR levels were calculated as reported earlier based on mice at different positions in the field and at a body mass of 20 g each [Reinhardt et al, 2007]. For an average SAR of 0.4 W/kg, the electric field strength was 30 V/m, and for 0.04 W/kg it was 9.5 V/m.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Increased DNA Damage Observed in the Brain, Liver, and Lung of Fetal Mice Treated With Ethylnitrosourea and Exposed to UMTS Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

Lerchl

Klose

Drees

2020

Bioelectromagnetics

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The widespread use of mobile phones and Wi-Fi-based communication devices makes exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) unavoidable. Previous experiments have revealed the tumor-promoting effects of non-ionizing RF-EMF in adult carcinogen-treated mice in utero. To extend these investigations, we tested whether these effects are due to the co-carcinogenicity of RF-EMF which would manifest as elevated DNA damage. Similar to previous experiments, pregnant mice were exposed to RF-EMF (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System [UMTS] standard, approximately 1,960 MHz) from day 7 post-conception (p.c.) at 0 (sham), 0.04, and 0.4 W/kg SAR. At day 14 p.c., the mice were injected with the carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU, 40 mg/kg). At three time-points specifically 24, 36, and 72 h later, the pregnant females were sacrificed and the fetuses (n = 24-57) were removed. A dye (cy3) specific for adenyl adducts was used to detect DNA damage by fluorescence microscopy in the brain, liver, and lung of each fetus. Compared to control (0 W/kg SAR), exposure to RF-EMF had no effect on the formation of DNA adducts in the inspected tissues. We conclude that increased adenyl formation of DNA by RF-EMF exposure is not a valid explanation for the previously reported tumor-promoting effects of RF-RMF. Our findings may help to gain a deeper insight into the biological effects of RF-EMF exposure in the context of malignancy. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:611-616.

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“…Within the exposure experiments conducted for the presented study, the magnetic flux density had to be adjusted such that it induces the same maximum electric field strengthproportionally correlated with the induced current densities via the electrical conductivities of the tissues -inside a mouse as a magnetic flux density of 27 μT (rms value, reference level of ICNIRP inside a human body). Therefore, a detailed dosimetric analysis of the body's internal electric field strengths induced by magnetic fields in a tissue model of a mouse [Reinhardt et al, 2007] and also in a tissue model of a human body ("Duke" of the "The Virtual Family") [Christ et al, 2010] was conducted by the Chair of Electromagnetic Theory, University of Wuppertal, Germany [Zang et al, 2017]. It turns out that the rms value of the magnetic flux density needs to be set 13.3 times higher than the ICNIRP reference value of 27 μT.…”

Section: If-mf Exposure Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Long‐Term Exposure of Intermediate Frequency Magnetic Fields (20 kHz, 360 µT) on the Development, Pathological Findings, and Behavior of Female Mice

Lerchl

Grote

Gronau

et al. 2021

Bioelectromagnetics

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The use of magnetic fields in the intermediate-frequency (IF) range to wirelessly charge electric cars with power transfer in the kilowatt range has become increasingly widespread, leading to unavoidable stray fields in the microtesla range. Only a handful of studies have assessed the potential biological risks associated with exposure to such fields. We exposed female mice (n = 80 per group) to either 20 kHz, 360 μT (rms), or sham in Helmholtz coils to conduct a blind design study. Exposure started at 3 months of age (24 h/day). Body mass was recorded every 1-2 weeks. At 10 months of age, three behavioral tests were performed on 24 animals per group. Three months later, the mice were sacrificed and organs (brain, liver, kidney, spleen, and lung) were removed and prepared for microscopic analysis. Our findings demonstrate no differences in the development of body mass and survival rates (96% and 89%, respectively). Similarly, no significant differences were observed in tumor incidence rates. When it comes to behavioral tests, the 8-arm maze results revealed no significant differences. In contrast, the Rotarod data were significantly (P < 0.001) different with longer retention times seen in the exposed mice. In the open field, the number of supported rears was significantly lower (P < 0.01), whereas the other endpoints did not show any differences. Overall, our data reveal no adverse effects of exposure to 20 kHz, 360 μT on the development and tumor incidences, while the significant differences in the behavioral tests may indicate higher levels of alertness in mice.

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Exposure set-ups for in vivo experiments using radial waveguides

Cited by 10 publications

References 3 publications

Whole-body new-born and young rats' exposure assessment in a reverberating chamber operating at 2.4 GHz

Whole-body new-born and young rats' exposure assessment in a reverberating chamber operating at 2.4 GHz

No Increased DNA Damage Observed in the Brain, Liver, and Lung of Fetal Mice Treated With Ethylnitrosourea and Exposed to UMTS Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields

Effects of Long‐Term Exposure of Intermediate Frequency Magnetic Fields (20 kHz, 360 µT) on the Development, Pathological Findings, and Behavior of Female Mice

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