Exposure tests of building materials in urban atmosphere

Zappia, G.; Sabbioni, C.; Riontino, C.; Gobbi, G.; Favoni, O.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00359-3

Cited by 82 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Smith 1996). In addition it has been emphasized that surface properties play a key role in pollution entrapment and various types of crust formation (Amoroso and Fassina 1983;Zappia et al 1998;Grossi et al 2003). Nevertheless, most previous studies have largely focused on the description of processes and decay products of limestone; fewer studies are available analyzing the mineralogical and related physical changes that are triggered by pollution fluxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Török¹

2007

Central European Geology

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A fine-grained and a medium-grained oolitic limestone of Miocene age were studied on ashlars of monuments in Budapest. The studied buildings are located in a polluted urban environment. The surface alteration is characterized by the presence of white (thin and thick) and black (laminar and framboidal) weathering crusts. Flaking, scaling and blistering are common crust detachment forms. Crust detachment is followed by rapid surface loss in the form of granular disintegration or of secondary crusts stabilizing the stone surface. Non-destructive in situ mechanical tests such as Schmidt hammer rebound and Duroscope clearly document the presence of thin and thick weathering crusts, and the degradation of underlying fine-and medium-grained limestone. Crust formation is associated with a textural change, since precipitation of pore-occluding calcite and gypsum and reduction of porosity in the crust zone has been recorded. Crust detachment is attributed to the crystallization pressure of air pollution-related gypsum, to freeze/thaw cycles, and to differences in mechanical properties of crust and host rock.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Török¹

2007

Central European Geology

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“…In this research, the mechanical behavior of aerial lime and hydraulic limebased mortars has been studied [2,3]. The durability of these mortars is a critical aspect that has been considered by exposing mortar samples to different environmental conditions: outside exposure (urban atmosphere) [4], SO 2 pollutant exposure [5][6][7][8], weathering cycles (in a climatic chamber) [9][10] or freeze-thaw cycles [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The occurrence of SO 2 allows formation of new products, i.e. the sulfate attack phenomenon [4]. The compositional changes and the new products formed have an influence on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the repair mortars, as well as on their durability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional changes in lime-based mortars exposed to different environments

2005

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Specimens of aerial and hydraulic lime-based mortars to be used in restoration works were prepared, hardened and subjected to different environments to study their compositional changes during setting, hardening and exposure to environment. Outside exposure, weathering cycles in a climatic chamber, SO 2 -rich environment and indoor exposure (as control group) were selected to expose the mortars. XRD, FTIR and TG-DTA analyses were performed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as the formation of the degradation products. Outside and SO 2 -chamber exposures and increasing the relative humidity allowed faster carbonation (enhancing CO 2 (g) dissolution) and hydration of hydraulic compounds. In SO 2 -chamber, sulfate attack appears as a surface phenomenon, giving: gypsum in aerial specimens and gypsum and syngenite in hydraulic specimens.

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“…Moreover, some important monuments are located in this area, and for these reasons also other studies involving exposure tests for the evaluation of materials decay were performed here (Realini et al, 1995;Zappia et al, 1998;Kucera et al, 2007). In particular, PM 2.5 samples were collected at Torre Sarca site (45°31′19′′N, 9°12′46′′E) using a FAI-Hydra dual channel Low-VolumeSampler (EN-14907, 2.3 m 3 /h, 24 hours of sampling time, 47 mm diameter PTFE filters Pall Corp.).…”

Section: Sampling Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Measurements of Particulate Matter Deliquescence and Crystallization Relative Humidity: Application in Heritage Climatology

Casati

Rovelli

Perrone

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Climate and pollution can lead to materials weathering. In this study, an innovative method is employed to evaluate the hazard for heritage stone substrates induced by the synergic effect of particulate matter (PM) and climate. In this respect, two hazard indicators for stone materials were determined: the time of wetness and the number of dissolution and crystallization cycles. The two indicators were computed by coupling experimental measurements of the PM deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity with climatic data. For the first time, these indicators were estimated based on the PM hygroscopic properties, considering its whole hysteresis loop and its consequent hydration level.The proposed method was applied to PM samples collected in the polluted Po Valley (Milan): the experimental measurements of both PM deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity were performed in an environmental-controlled chamber using an electrical conductivity method. The time of wetness and the number of dissolution and crystallization cycles were then calculated by coupling the PM deliquescence and crystallization relative humidity with climatic data of Milan over the last decade (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013). Results point out that, depending on the seasons, different hazards were identified. In winter, high time of wetness (89 ± 11%) and low number of cycles (3 ± 3 cycles/month) were found. Conversely, summer was characterized by low time of wetness (20 ± 13%) and high number of cycles (11 ± 5 cycles/month). Interestingly, spring and fall resulted the most dangerous seasons for outdoor-exposed stones, since they presented both high time of wetness and number of cycles. Since the two indicators are calculated considering PM properties and climatic data, their values are site-specific, while the method used for their determination is of general application and it can be used for an efficient hazard assessment in a heritage climatology perspective.

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Exposure tests of building materials in urban atmosphere

Cited by 82 publications

References 16 publications

Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Morphology and detachment mechanism of weathering crusts of porous limestone in the urban environment of Budapest

Compositional changes in lime-based mortars exposed to different environments

Experimental Measurements of Particulate Matter Deliquescence and Crystallization Relative Humidity: Application in Heritage Climatology

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