Exposure to 15 phthalates and two substitutes (DEHTP and DINCH) assessed in trios of infants and their parents as well as longitudinally in infants exclusively breastfed and after the introduction of a mixed diet

Estimated daily intake of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenol A in hospitalised very low birth weight infants

“…Studies on neonatal exposure to alternative or new excipients are few. A recent study confirmed exposure to alternative phthalates in Danish infants where the authors were surprised that regulated and banned phthalates were detected (Frederiksen et al, 2022). Another recent study concluded that exposure levels of the same phthalates as evaluated in our study had decreased in adolescents, while the exposure to new and alternative phthalates was considerable (Bastiaensen et al, 2021).…”

Quantitative Measurement of Phthalate Exposure Biomarker Levels in Diaper-Extracted Urine of Japanese Toddlers and Cumulative Risk Assessment: An Adjunct Study of JECS Birth Cohort

“…The GM values of the corresponding phthalate metabolites were relatively lower in Japanese toddlers compared to those in the earlier studies, although all of the metabolites could not be compared since limited numbers of phthalate metabolites had been estimated. − The median concentrations of some metabolites in Japanese toddlers were comparable to or lower than those measured in 1–28-month-old children in the USA, Finland, Sweden, and Germany. ,,, Phthalate exposure levels including DnBP, DiBP, and DEHP in Japanese toddlers were relatively lower than the levels measured in pregnant women in 2005–2006 and Japanese children and adults in 2009–2010. − Higher exposure levels of DnBP and DiBP might be due to medications and increased use of personal care products; high exposure levels of DEHP were associated with household dust. , Exposure levels of phthalates in Japanese toddlers were expected to decrease over time due to the government’s restriction on the use of some phthalates in children’s toys and other playing accessories. However, the recent Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health reported that from 2012 to 2017, the exposure level of phthalates in 7-year-old Japanese children was stable .…”

“…Previous studies have reported that food packaging materials, consumer and household products, cosmetic and personal care products, pediatric medical care devices, toys, and other play-time accessories contained different phthalates. − These synthetic chemicals are weakly bound to the source materials and easily migrate into the environment with time. − Phthalates have been detected in almost all environmental components and human biospecimens due to their widespread usage. − Children are reportedly exposed to phthalates via ingestion through food, breast milk, drinking water, and mouthing of toys and other play-time accessories; inhalation from air/dust; and adsorption from personal care products. ,− Moreover, young children have a greater surface area-to-body weight ratio and thus have a higher intake relative to their body weight. Distinct behaviors such as object-to-mouth and hand-to-mouth might increase the possibility of higher exposure than adults. , Environmental phthalate exposure has been recently reported to be associated with behavioral and developmental disorders, − respiratory complications, overweight and obesity, , and adverse cardiometabolic profile in children …”

Longitudinal evaluation of breast tissue in healthy infants: Prevalence and relation to reproductive hormones and growth factors

“…It is important to note that the high prevalence of breast tissue in both sexes in this study may reflect different aspects, including but not limited to: the method of palpation vs. ultrasound; demographic-specific results that may arise due to e.g. differences in feeding patterns (high degree of breast-fed v bottle-fed ( 41 ) and/or differences in exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals ( 42 , 43 ) both across and within countries. Moreover, it is important to note that while the current study elucidates that the presence of breast tissue, in both sexes, is a normal, physiological phenomenon in infants younger than 1 year of age, it does not investigate whether persistent breast tissue in infancy is a risk marker of future precocious puberty.…”