Exposure to and Speaking Up Against Online Ethnic Hate Speech: The Role of Xenophobia in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

Stefanelli, Federica; Menesini, Ersilia; Nocentini, Annalaura; Palladino, Benedetta Emanuela

doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0198

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For this reason, tolerance should be less affected than prejudice by mere exposure to hateful content. Moreover, a recent study involving adolescents found cross-sectional correlations, but no longitudinal associations between ethnic OHS exposure and xenophobia (Stefanelli et al, 2023). Thus, it is possible to suppose that ethnic OHS exposure does not predict tolerance too.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration: The moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and gender

Lo Cricchio,

Stefanelli,

Menesini

et al. 2023

Cyberpsychology

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Information and Communication Technologies have become powerful tools for adolescents, but they have enabled a huge number of online risks, such as being exposed to Online Hate Speech (OHS). High exposure to hateful content has been linked to despicable offline actions, including hate crimes. However, there is a lack of studies considering the associations with certain specific forms, such as the perpetration of bullying. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap in the literature by analysing the associations between exposure to OHS targeting ethnic minorities and ethnic bullying perpetration, and considering the potential moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and of gender. Participants were 960 high school students (53.6% females; Mage = 15 years, SD = 0.59). Data were collected in January/February 2020, before the first lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Findings suggest that being exposed to ethnic OHS is significantly, but weakly, associated with traditional ethnic bullying perpetration. Moreover, this association is moderated by tolerance towards diversity and by gender. In particular, for male adolescents, at low and middle levels of tolerance, higher ethnic OHS exposure is not associated with a higher tendency to perpetrate bullying toward peers with a different ethnicity. For females, instead, tolerance is not a moderator in the relationship between ethnic OHS exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration. Results are discussed in terms of their practical implications.

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Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration: The moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and gender

Lo Cricchio,

Stefanelli,

Menesini

et al. 2023

Cyberpsychology

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“…Indeed, several studies indicate that bystander responses were more likely when the incident was considered to be more severe (e.g., Bastiaensens et al, 2014;Leonard et al, 2018;Liu & Luqiu, 2023). Furthermore, solidarity norms promoted bystander intervention (Kunst et al, 2022), while negative attitudes towards the victimised outgroup were negatively related with willingness to engage in counter-speech (Stefanelli et al, 2023). Distinguishing different types of interventions, anonymous, or private, as well as passive bystander behaviour appears to be preferred online (Davidovic et al, 2023;Obermaier, 2022;Kazerooni et al, 2018).…”

Section: Bystander Inaction Onlinementioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Bystanders’ Decisions to Not Intervene in Incidents of Hate Speech Online and Offline

Schumann

2023

Preprint

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In response to the proliferation of hate speech online, numerous countermeasures have been proposed, including user-driven governance, that is, bystander intervention. The potential impact of bystanders, however, is restricted; a large proportion of internet users report that they would not take any action if they were to observe an incident of hate speech online. Previous studies have identified predictors of active and passive bystander intervention and, to a lesser degree, inaction. We advance those insights. Specifically, conducting a high-powered experiment (N = 203), we examined intentions to remain inactive when encountering incidents of hate speech in online and offline settings. Furthermore, we investigated whether the likelihood to not intervene is higher online (vs. offline) because, even if the incident is perceived as more severe, bystanders experience a lower sense of responsibility and lower self-efficacy beliefs. Results showed that bystanders were, indeed, more likely to leave the situation or pay attention without getting involved if a hate speech incident took place on social media rather than in a café. In line with our hypotheses, these effects were (partially) explained by sentiments of lower responsibility and participants feeling less efficacious regarding their ability to resolve the incident. Perceived severity of the incident did not differ between the settings and did not predict bystanders’ likelihood to remain inactive.

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Xenophobia

Marks,

Grondin,

McQueen

et al. 2024

Encyclopedia of Adolescence

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Exposure to and Speaking Up Against Online Ethnic Hate Speech: The Role of Xenophobia in a Three-Wave Longitudinal Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 29 publications

Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration: The moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and gender

Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration: The moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and gender

Examining Bystanders’ Decisions to Not Intervene in Incidents of Hate Speech Online and Offline

Xenophobia

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