Exposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools

Héry, Michel; Hecht, G.; Gerber, J. M.; Gender, J. C.; Hubert, G.; Rebuffaud, J.

doi:10.1016/0003-4878(95)00013-5

Cited by 110 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Trichloramine was measured with a method for air analysis described by Hery et al (1995) with modifications described by Lützenkirchen and Breuer (2006) (see SM for details). Trichloramine was stripped from the water by aerating the sample for 20 min and then the trichloramine in the air was trapped on a filter where it was reduced to chloride.…”

Section: Analysis Of Chlorine Combine Chlorine and Trichloraminementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other DBP groups include HAAs (Cowman and Singer, 1996;HellerGrossman et al, 1993), HANs (Oliver, 1983), halonitromethanes (Thibaud et al, 1987), and haloketones (Suffet et al, 1976) have later been detected in chlorinated drinking water. These organic DBPs have been identified in swimming pool water as well (Richardson et al, 2010) together with inorganic nitrogenous DBPs like trichloramine (NCl 3 ) (Hery et al, 1995). The major concern regarding DBP formation is their effects to human health because some exhibit carcinogenic behavior while others are suspected to cause asthma (Goodman and Hays, 2008;Thickett et al, 2002), and irritations to the eyes and mucous membrane (Chiswell and Wildsoet, 1989;Erdinger et al, 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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This study investigated the formation and predicted toxicity of different groups of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from human exudates in relation to chlorination of pool water at different pH values. Specifically, the formation of the DBP groups trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloramine (NCl 3 ), resulting from the chlorination of body fluid analog, were investigated at 6.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0. Either the initial concentration of active chorine or free chlorine was kept constant in the tested pH range. THM formation was reduced by decreasing pH but HAN, and NCl 3 formation increased at decreasing pH whereas the formation of HAAs remained constant. Under our experimental conditions, the formation of NCl 3 (suspected asthma inducing compound) at pH = 6.0 was an order of magnitude higher than at pH = 7.5. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of bromide on DBP formation was investigated and found to follow the same pH dependency as without bromide present, with the overall DBP formation increasing, except for HAAs. Estimation of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the chlorinated human exudates showed that among the quantified DBP groups, HAN formation were responsible for the majority of the toxicity from the measured DBPs in both absence and presence of bromide.

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Section: Analysis Of Chlorine Combine Chlorine and Trichloraminementioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water – Is less THM better?

et al. 2012

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“…It is considered to be irritating to the eye and upper airway [1]. Conditions that determine production and air levels of trichloramines are believed to depend on the degree of water chlorination, contamination of water by nitrogen-containing compounds (which depends on the number of bathers, as well as their behaviour and hygiene), water temperature, water circulation and ventilation [3,4]. However, the chemical composition of swimming pool air is extremely complex and how these factors are associated with trichloramine levels in air is poorly understood [1].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to trichloramine and respiratory symptoms in indoor swimming pool workers

Jacobs¹,

Spaan²,

Rooy³

et al. 2006

Eur Respir J

181

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The association between swimming pool characteristics and activities of employees and respiratory symptoms in employees was studied. Trichloramine levels were measured to evaluate relationships with pool characteristics and to estimate long-term exposure levels.Questionnaires were available from 624 pool workers and 38 swimming facilities. Chloramine levels were measured by area sampling over 2-h periods and analysed using ion chromatography. Work-related and general respiratory symptoms, and symptoms indicative of atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness were considered. Respiratory symptom prevalence among pool workers was compared with symptoms in a Dutch population sample. Chloramine levels were modelled with regression analysis. This model was used to estimate long-term average chloramine levels for each pool studied.Employees with higher exposure reported upper respiratory symptoms with greater frequency. Upper respiratory symptoms were statistically significantly associated with cumulative chloramine levels (odds ratio (OR) .1.4 for hoarseness, lost voice, sinusitis). General respiratory symptoms were significantly elevated compared with a Dutch population sample (OR ranged 1.4-7.2).An excess risk for respiratory symptoms indicative of asthma was observed in swimming pool employees. Aggravation of existing respiratory disease or interactions between irritants and allergen exposures are the most likely explanations for the observed associations.

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“…Exposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor pools was studied in France by Hery et al (1995) in response to complaints of eye and respiratory tract irritation by pool attendants. They found concentrations of up to 0.84 mg/m 3 and that levels were generally higher in pools with recreational activities such as slides and fountains.…”

Section: Chloramines Chlorite and Chloratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both incidents were attributed to chloramines on the basis of the clinical syndrome and setting. Hery et al (1995) found that complaints from non-swimmers were initiated at a concentration of 0.5 mg/m 3 chlorine species (expressed in units of nitrogen trichloride) in the atmosphere of indoor pools and hot tubs. It is recommended that 0.5 mg/m 3 would be suitable as a provisional value for chlorine species, Aggazzotti et al, 1998 b Five competitive swimmers (three males and two females) were monitored A: Prior to arrival at the pool; B: After 1 h resting at poolside before swimming; C: After a 1-h swim; D: 1 h after swimming had stopped; and E: 1.5 h after swimming had stopped.…”

Section: Risks Associated With Disinfection By-productsmentioning

confidence: 99%