Exposure to cigarette promotions and smoking uptake in adolescents: evidence of a dose-response relation

Sargent, James D.

doi:10.1136/tc.9.2.163

Cited by 77 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…35,36 In addition, more than 20 studies have found that children exposed to cigarette ads or promotions are more likely to become smokers themselves. 37,38 Recent evidence has emerged that tobacco companies have specifically targeted teenagers as young as 13 years of age. 39 Alcohol Advertising Alcohol manufacturers spend $5.7 billion/year on advertising and promotion.…”

Section: Tobacco Advertisingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children, Adolescents, and Advertising

Strasburger¹

2006

Pediatrics

124

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Advertising is a pervasive influence on children and adolescents. Young people view more than 40 000 ads per year on television alone and increasingly are being exposed to advertising on the Internet, in magazines, and in schools. This exposure may contribute significantly to childhood and adolescent obesity, poor nutrition, and cigarette and alcohol use. Media education has been shown to be effective in mitigating some of the negative effects of advertising on children and adolescents. INTRODUCTIONSeveral European countries forbid or severely curtail advertising to children; in the United States, on the other hand, selling to children is simply "business as usual." 1 The average young person views more than 3000 ads per day on television (TV), on the Internet, on billboards, and in magazines. 2 Increasingly, advertisers are targeting younger and younger children in an effort to establish "brand-name preference" at as early an age as possible. 3 This targeting occurs because advertising is a $250 billion/year industry with 900 000 brands to sell, 2 and children and adolescents are attractive consumers: teenagers spend $155 billion/year, children younger than 12 years spend another $25 billion, and both groups influence perhaps another $200 billion of their parents' spending per year. 4,5 Increasingly, advertisers are seeking to find new and creative ways of targeting young consumers via the Internet, in schools, and even in bathroom stalls. 1 THE EFFECTS OF ADVERTISING ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSResearch has shown that young children-younger than 8 years-are cognitively and psychologically defenseless against advertising. 6-9 They do not understand the notion of intent to sell and frequently accept advertising claims at face value. 10 In fact, in the late 1970s, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) held hearings, reviewed the existing research, and came to the conclusion that it was unfair and deceptive to advertise to children younger than 6 years. 11 What kept the FTC from banning such ads was that it was thought to be impractical to implement such a ban. 11 However, some Western countries have done exactly that: Sweden and Norway forbid all advertising directed at children younger than 12 years, Greece bans toy advertising until after 10 PM, and Denmark and Belgium severely restrict advertising aimed at children. 12 www.pediatrics.org/cgi

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Section: Tobacco Advertisingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children, Adolescents, and Advertising

Strasburger¹

2006

Pediatrics

124

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“…39,[42][43][44] It has also been shown that there is a dose-response relation at community level between the volume of tobacco promotional activities and the probability of experimental and established smoking. 45 Based on knowledge of youth attitudes to smoking, the tobacco companies constantly develop more effective ways of selling tobacco products to young people. 33,46 There are also different opinions regarding the effectiveness of pricing policy among youth.…”

Section: Smoking Patterns In Candidate Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimates of cancer mortality for the year 2000 for all 10 accession countries were derived from the Globocan 2000 software and database. 13 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASRs) were calculated for all ages combined and for age groups [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] Hungary and Poland) and for age groups 20 -44, 45-64 and 65 and over (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia) for each sex separately. The World Standard Population was used for age adjustment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lung cancer mortality patterns in selected Central, Eastern and Southern European countries

Tyczynski

Bray

Aareleid

et al. 2004

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Significant changes in the prevalence of tobacco smoking have been observed in many European countries. EU candidate countries have also experienced major changes with respect to tobacco smoking, which have resulted in changes in the frequency of lung cancer. In men in the majority of these countries, a reduction of mortality rates has been observed recently, while in Hungary and Poland a deceleration of mortality increase was observed in the 1990s. The situation is much less favorable in females, where in the majority of countries a continuous increase of mortality rates has been observed, the only exceptions being Latvia, Lithuania and, to a lesser extent, Estonia. In Hungarian women, an acceleration of the increase rate was observed in the 1980s and 1990s (compared with the 1970s). Patterns of lung cancer mortality in analyzed countries are somewhat similar to those observed in EU member states. Recent analyses of time trends of lung cancer in EU countries showed, in general, a decreasing risk in the majority of male populations and an increase in several countries in women. If the decrease of mortality is to be achieved and maintained in the longer term, efforts have to be focused on young generations (entering adulthood now or in the near future). Despite all the difficulties present in reducing tobacco smoking in youth, it seems that one of the most important ways to reduce the future lung cancer burden in current and new EU member states is to strengthen efforts toward changing smoking attitudes in young generations. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Key words: lung cancer; mortality; trends; European Union; regressionLung cancer has been a major public health issue in Europe for many years. This disease is the most frequent cause of cancer deaths in males in the majority of European countries and one of the most frequent in females. Although several studies have dealt with time trends of lung cancer in the European Union member states, relatively little has been published on lung cancer time trends in other parts of the continent. [1][2][3][4][5][6] This article aims to analyze and discuss recent changes in mortality trends in countries that are candidates for membership of the European Union.It is well known that the major risk factor for lung cancer is tobacco smoking, and that there is a relationship between the magnitude of the risk and duration and intensity of smoking, age of initiation, type of cigarettes smoked and time since smoking cessation. 7-12 All these factors influence changes in the frequency and incidence of and mortality from lung cancer in the given population.In many West European countries, decreasing trends in the prevalence of tobacco smoking in men observed since the 1960s and 1970s caused a decline in lung cancer mortality 1-2 decades later. In contrast, in many countries, increase of smoking prevalence in women caused an increase in mortality from lung cancer.Similar changes in smoking patterns were observed in the 1980s and 1990s in the majority of the EU accession countries. It implies...

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“…The link between tobacco industry advertising and youth smoking is also well established (Evans et al, 1995;Pierce et al, 1991). In fact, there is a dose-response relationship between the number of cigarette promotional items owned by adolescents and their smoking behavior (Sargent et al, 2000). Among young adults, tobacco use is positively associated with participation in social activities, whereas religion, educational achievement, and athletic participation have protective effects (Rigotti et al, 2000).…”

Section: Psychologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying genetic approaches to the treatment of nicotine dependence

Lerman

Niaura²

2002

Oncogene

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To advance the science of tobacco control, an enhanced understanding of the bio-behavioral basis of nicotine addiction is needed. In this study, we provide an overview of data from investigations of genetic factors in smoking behavior, discuss potential bio-behavioral mechanisms and effect modifiers, and suggest avenues for pharmacogenetics research in the area of smoking cessation treatment. The evidence to date is very consistent with respect to the significance of genetic contributions to smoking behavior. However, attempts to elucidate the role of specific genetic variants have met with mixed success. Explanations for the lack of consistency in the results of genetic association studies include biases in ascertainment, ethnic admixture, lack of attention to covariates or modifiers of genetic risk, and the need for more refined phenotypes. As the field of genetics and smoking research progresses, increasing attention is being devoted to gene -environment interactions, with particular attention to the identification of genetic variants that may modify the effects of pharmacological treatment for smoking. With advances in molecular biology and genomics technology, individualized tailoring of smoking cessation therapy to genotype is within our grasp. Such research has the potential to improve treatment outcome, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality from smoking-related disease.

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Exposure to cigarette promotions and smoking uptake in adolescents: evidence of a dose-response relation

Cited by 77 publications

References 12 publications

Children, Adolescents, and Advertising

Children, Adolescents, and Advertising

Lung cancer mortality patterns in selected Central, Eastern and Southern European countries

Applying genetic approaches to the treatment of nicotine dependence

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