Exposure to clothianidin and predators increases mortality for heptageniidae

Behavioral Responses of Imidacloprid-Dosed Farmland Birds to a Simulated Predation Risk

“…This excitatory effect of imidacloprid on partridges would be similar to that produced by nicotine in the nAChR of mammals, since the physiological activation of the nAChRs is known to drive catecholamine biosynthesis . Other commonly used neonicotinoids, such as clothianidin and thiamethoxam, have been shown to induce dopamine release in rats, and to have anxiogenic effects, impairing cognitive and locomotor function. ,,, An effect of imidacloprid on the development of antipredator responses has also been observed in amphibians, fishes, , and invertebrates. − In amphibians, the exposure to neonicotinoids during the larval stage affected frog’s ability to perceive or respond to a predator, potentially increasing vulnerability to predation . In zebrafish, exposure to sublethal concentrations of clothianidin (another neonicotinoid insecticide) increased their startle response, which may increase energy requirements and attract the attention of predators .…”

Silver nanoparticle-modified electrodes for the electrochemical detection of neonicotinoid pesticide: clothianidin

“…4 According to the United Nations Environmental Protection Organization, clothianidin accounted for 14.7% of the global neonicotinoid sales in 2012. 5,6 Its use has been prohibited in many European countries since 2013 due to the overuse and acute toxicity it produces to non-target organisms such as earthworms, honey bees, birds, mites, shes, etc. However, this pesticide is still widely used in crop elds in some European and developing countries.…”

“…16 With a single walled carbon nanotube-modied disposable electrode, Ondes et al reported an electrochemical detection of clothianidin with a detection limit of 31.9 mm and a reduction potential of −1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. 17 A graphene oxide-anionic pillar [6]arene composite lm was reported by Wu et al with a detection limit of 0.04 mm and a reduction potential of around −1.0 V. 18 SM Chen et al developed a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) based sensor for clothianidin with a detection limit of 1.3 mm and a reduction potential of −1.1 V vs. Ag/Ag/Cl. 19 An electrochemical sensor based on cyclodextrin and reduced graphene oxide was demonstrated with a detection limit and a reduction potential of 4.72 mM and −1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl respectively.…”