Exposure to drinking water trihalomethanes and nitrate and the risk of brain tumours in young people

Zumel-Marne, Angela; Castaño‐Vinyals, Gemma; Alguacil, Juan; Villanueva, Cristina M.; Maule, Milena; Gràcia-Lavedán, Esther; Momoli, Franco; Krewski, Daniel; Mohipp, Charmaine; Petridou, Eleni; Bouka, Evdoxia; Merletti, Franco; Migliore, Enrica; Piro, Sara; Ha, Mina; Mannetje, Andrea ’t; Eng, Amanda; Aragonés, Núria; Cardis, Elisabeth

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111392

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Urbanicity No association with leukemia and lymphoma. For childhood central nervous system cancers, an OR of 1.65 (95% CI, 0.97, 2.81) was observed in the group exposed to > 25 mg/L Zumel-Marne et al, 2021 [ 28 ] Italy, Spain and Korea 85 cases and 343 controls Case-control study Exposure levels in tap water in the municipality of living in the year of the child’s birth Median exposure 3.9 mg/L NO 3 - Neuroepithelial brain tumors (diagnosed between the ages of 10-24 years) Educational level of the parents. The models were further stratified on the child’s sex, age, and country Higher odds of neuroepithelial tumors in study participants exposed to nitrate levels belonging to the second (OR 1.62 95% CI, 0.74, 3.53) and third tertile (OR 1.76 95% CI, 0.91, 3.41) compared with the first tertile Reproductive health Clemmensen et al, 2022 [ 29 ] Denmark 985 Cohort study Household-level information on nitrate exposure from public water systems in the period of pregnancy Median exposure 2.0 mg/L NO 3 - Semen parameters, testes volume and reproductive hormones in adult sons The mother’s age, smoking and educational level together with variables strongly associated with each specific outcome, e.g., spillage and abstinence time No observed associations between maternal nitrate exposure and the measured outcomes Clemmensen et al, 2022 [ 30 ] Denmark 15,819 Cohort study Household-level information on nitrate exposure from public water systems in the period of pregnancy Median exposure 2.0 mg/L NO 3 - Timing of puberty in sons and daughters Cohabitation and educational level of parents, the mothers age, smoking and alcohol intake, body mass index, and age at menarche No strong associations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Offspring: a Review of Current Epidemiological Research

Clemmensen

Schullehner

Brix

et al. 2023

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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Purpose of Review Recently, several epidemiological studies have investigated whether prenatal exposure to nitrate from drinking water may be harmful to the fetus, even at nitrate levels below the current World Health Organization drinking water standard. The purpose of this review was to give an overview of the newest knowledge on potential health effects of prenatal exposure to nitrate. Recent Findings We included 13 epidemiological studies conducted since 2017. Nine studies investigated outcomes appearing around birth, and four studies investigated health outcomes appearing in childhood and young adulthood. Summary The reviewed studies showed some indications of higher risk of preterm delivery, lower birth weight, birth defects, and childhood cancer related to prenatal exposure to nitrate. However, the numbers of studies for each outcome were sparse, and some of the results were conflicting. We suggest that there is a need for additional studies and particularly for studies that include information on water consumption patterns, intake of nitrate from diet, and intake of nitrosatable drugs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Offspring: a Review of Current Epidemiological Research

Clemmensen

Schullehner

Brix

et al. 2023

Curr Envir Health Rpt

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“…The incidence of brain tumors in children is about 6.06/ 100,000 (37). Therefore, most studies on the risk factors of childhood brain tumors did not use a single pathological subtype as the disease outcome (18,27,28). However, glioma is still the most common pathological subtype of brain tumors in children (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Characteristics of the 17 included articles are shown in Table 1 (9-14, [16][17][18][19][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. A total of 812,107 participants and 4,574 patients were included in all studies.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Dietary Nitrite intake and Glioma Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Zhang

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Oncol.

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BackgroundNitrite and nitrate intake through food and water may be an important risk factor for many cancers, including glioma. However, the association of nitrite and nitrate with glioma is unclear.ObjectiveThis review aimed to quantitatively assess the effects of nitrite and nitrate on glioma by meta-analysis.MethodsA literature search was conducted for available articles published in English using the databases of Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane Library up to 24 March 2022. According to heterogeneity, the fixed-effects or random-effects model was selected to obtain the merger’s relative risk (RR). Based on the methods described by Greenland and Longnecker, we explored the dose-response relationship between nitrite/nitrate and the risk of glioma. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias tests were also used.ResultsThis study reviewed 17 articles, including 812,107 participants and 4,574 cases. For glioma in adults, compared with the lowest intakes, the highest intakes of nitrite significantly increased the risk of glioma (RR=1.26, 95% confidence interval (95%CI):1.09-1.47). For brain tumors in children, compared with the lowest intakes, the highest intakes of nitrate significantly increased the risk of brain tumors (RR=1.27, 95%CI:1.06-1.52). The results of subgroup and sensitivity analyses remained unchanged. In the dose-response relationship, per 1 mg/day increase in nitrite intake increased the risk of glioma by 14% (RR=1.14, 95%CI:1.01-1.27).ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that nitrite increases the risk of glioma in adults, while nitrate increases the risk of brain tumors in children. Therefore, the effects of nitrite and nitrate on glioma cannot be ignored.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022320295.

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“…On the other hand, consumption of nitrate-rich drinking water during pregnancy can potentially lead to premature birth [ 78 ]. Additionally, the consumption of drinking water rich in nitrates in early childhood is associated with an increased risk of brain tumors in children, adolescents, and young adults [ 79 ].…”

Section: Direct Additives In Children’s Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additives in Children’s Nutrition—A Review of Current Events

Savin

Vrkatić

Dedić

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Additives are defined as substances added to food with the aim of preserving and improving safety, freshness, taste, texture, or appearance. While indirect additives can be found in traces in food and come from materials used for packaging, storage, and technological processing of food, direct additives are added to food with a special purpose (canning). The use of additives is justified if it is in accordance with legal regulations and does not pose a health or danger to consumers in the prescribed concentration. However, due to the specificity of the child’s metabolic system, there is a greater risk that the negative effects of the additive will manifest. Considering the importance of the potential negative impact of additives on children’s health and the increased interest in the control and monitoring of additives in food for children, we have reviewed the latest available literature available through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Expert data were taken from publicly available documents published from January 2010 to April 2022 by internationally recognized professional organizations. It was found that the most frequently present additives in the food consumed by children are bisphenols, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl chemicals, perchlorates, pesticides, nitrates and nitrites, artificial food colors, monosodium glutamate, and aspartame. Increasing literacy about the presence and potential risk through continuous education of parents and young people as well as active monitoring of newly registered additives and harmonization of existing legal regulations by competent authorities can significantly prevent the unwanted effects of additives on children’s health.

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Exposure to drinking water trihalomethanes and nitrate and the risk of brain tumours in young people

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Offspring: a Review of Current Epidemiological Research

Prenatal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water and Adverse Health Outcomes in the Offspring: a Review of Current Epidemiological Research

Association Between Dietary Nitrite intake and Glioma Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Additives in Children’s Nutrition—A Review of Current Events

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