Exposure to moderate acid water and aluminum reduces Atlantic salmon post-smolt survival

Kroglund, Frode; Finstad, Bengt; Stefansson, Sigurd O.; Nilsen, Tom Ole; Kristensen, Torstein; Rosseland, Bjørn Olav; Teien, Hans-Christian; Salbu, Brit

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.10.018

Cited by 51 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…This has been demonstrated for metal exposure (Monette and McCormick, 2008;Kroglund et al, 2007), pesticides (Moore et al 2003, Waring and Moore 2004) and production intensity. Banks (1992) found that increased rearing density in raceway production of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) produced small but significant reductions in percent survival of released smolts and reduced Na ?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Effects of production intensity and production strategies in commercial Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar L.) production on subsequent performance in the early sea stage

Kristensen

Haugen

Rosten

et al. 2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

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A data set from commercial Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) producers on production intensity and production strategies in smolt tanks (N = 63-94) was obtained during 1999-2006. The effects of production intensity on subsequent fish mortality and growth during the early sea phase (90 days) were examined by principal component analysis and subsequent generalized linear model analysis. Levels of accumulated metabolites (CO(2), total ammonia nitrogen and NH(3)), and information provided by producers (production density (kg fish m(3-1)), specific water use (l kg fish(-1) min(-1)) and oxygen drop (mg l(-1)) from tank inlet to tank outlet), were used as predictor variables. In addition, several other welfare relevant variables such as disease history, temperature during freshwater and sea stage; season (S1) or off-season (S0) smolt production; and the use of seawater addition during the freshwater stage were analyzed. No strong intensity effects on mortality or growth were found. CO(2) levels alone (P < 0.001, R(2) = 0.16), and in combination with specific water use (R(2) = 0.20), had the strongest effect on mortality. In both cases, mortality decreased with increasing density. For growth, the intensity model with the most support (R(2) = 0.17) was O(2) drop, density and their interaction effects, resulting in the best growth at low and high intensity, and poorer growth at intermediate levels. Documented viral disease outbreaks (infectious pancreatic necrosis and two cases of pancreas disease) in the sea phase resulted in significantly higher mortalities at 90 days compared with undiagnosed smolt groups, although mortalities were highly variable in both categories. The temperature difference between the freshwater stage and seawater had a small, but significant, effect on growth with the best growth in groups stocked to warmer seawater (P = 0.04, R(2) = 0.06). S0 and S1 smolt groups did not differ significantly in growth, but the mortality was significantly (P = 0.02) higher in S1 groups. Seawater addition as a categorical variable had no significant effects, but when analyzed within the seawater addition group, intermediate salinities (15-25 ppt) gave the best results on growth (p = 0.04, R(2) = 0.15). Production intensity had small explanatory power on subsequent seawater performance in the analyzed smolt groups. If anything, the analysis shows a beneficial effect of intensive production strategies on subsequent performance. Analysis of the various production strategies indicates better survival of S0 compared with S1 smolt groups, improved growth when stocked in seawater warmer than freshwater, and a negative effect of viral disease outbreaks on survival. The results clearly demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating results from experimental work on fish welfare and production intensity variables to commercial production. On the other hand, the presented results may simply demonstrate that the traditional fish welfare criteria growth and mortality may not suffice to evaluate welfare consequences of suboptimal wate...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Effects of production intensity and production strategies in commercial Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar L.) production on subsequent performance in the early sea stage

Kristensen

Haugen

Rosten

et al. 2011

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…The River Driva had a high pH ([6.9), high acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) ([170 leqv l -1 l), high alkalinity (Alk) ([179 mmol l -1 ), high Ca ([3.5 mg l -1 ) and low levels of aluminium (Al) (total Al \ 70 lg l -1 ), where the labile fraction (LAl) was \ 5 lg l -1 . These values indicate that River Driva is not affected by acidification or levels of labile Al that cause negative effects on smoltification (Kroglund et al 2008). Based on the above chemistry and the lack of point discharge sources, we assume that the water quality in Driva is satisfactory and not the cause for any interspecies variation in smoltification.…”

Section: Water Qualitymentioning

confidence: 94%

Seawater tolerance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and S. salar × S. trutta hybrids smolt

Urke

Koksvik

Arnekleiv

et al. 2009

Fish Physiol Biochem

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High levels of hybridization between Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have been reported in the Gyrodactylus salaris infected Rivers Vefsna and Driva in Norway. The survival and behaviour during the sea phase of such hybrids is unknown. The reported work documents ionoregulatory status after 24 h seawater challenge tests (24hSW) and gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity of migrating wild smolts of Atlantic salmon, brown trout and hybrids at two sampling dates during the 2006 smolt run in River Driva. Salmon, trout and hybrids contributed to 27, 52 and 21% of the catches, respectively. The large contribution of hybrids suggests both a high hybridization rate and a high survival rate from fry to smolt. Both salmon and hybrids had a well-developed seawater tolerance at the time of downstream migration, revealed by small ionoregulatory effects and no or low mortality rates during the 24hSW tests. The trout were not fully adapted to seawater, and high mortality rates were observed (71 and 92%) during the 24hSW tests. The NKA activity was not significantly different between salmon and hybrids. Most of the hybrids were physiologically capable of direct entry to full strength seawater. The incomplete seawater tolerance in trout compared to salmon corresponds well with differences in life-history patterns between these two species. The life history strategy of the hybrids during the sea phase is not known, and further investigations on the marine behaviour and survival is needed to evaluate the role of hybrids in the risk of spreading G. salaris to nearby river systems.

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“…The majority of references regarding toxicity of metals and pollutants to salmonid and non-salmonid fish and including gill pathologies relate to freshwater although Kroglund et al (2007) assessed the effects of acidification and aluminium (Al) on survival of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in Norway. Exposures were of varying intensities and duration.…”

Section: Eutrophication and Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-infectious gill disorders of marine salmonid fish

Rodger¹,

Henry²,

Mitchell³

2010

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

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Gill disorders present a significant challenge in salmon (Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus sp.) farming regions throughout the world. This review of gill disorders and diseases of marine fish is focused on the non-infectious causes of gill disease in marine stage salmonids and these are grouped into harmful algae, such as Karenia mikimotoi, harmful zooplankton, such as Pelagia noctiluca, other environmental challenges, such as pollutants, as well as nutritional and genetic or congenital causes. The present level of understanding of these gill disorders is reviewed with regard to risk factors, potential impacting factors, methods of best practice to mitigate non-infectious gill disease and disorders, as well as knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.

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Exposure to moderate acid water and aluminum reduces Atlantic salmon post-smolt survival

Cited by 51 publications

References 46 publications

Effects of production intensity and production strategies in commercial Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar L.) production on subsequent performance in the early sea stage

Effects of production intensity and production strategies in commercial Atlantic salmon smolt (Salmo salar L.) production on subsequent performance in the early sea stage

Seawater tolerance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and S. salar × S. trutta hybrids smolt

Non-infectious gill disorders of marine salmonid fish

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