Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in spray polyurethane foam applicators: Role of dermal exposure

Bello, Avilio; Carignan, Courtney C.; Xue, Yalong; Stapleton, Heather M.; Bello, Dhimiter

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.020

Cited by 40 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The concentrations of PEFRs measured in indoor air were generally around tens to hundreds of ng/m 3 . Higher PEFR levels in indoor air or dust have occasionally been reported in occupational settings (e.g., recycling of electronics) or microenvironments (e.g., cars) (Wu et al, 2016;Ali et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2017;Bello et al, 2018;Björnsdotter et al, 2018). Concentrations in outdoor air are approximately 1 to 4 orders of magnitude less than in indoor air (Wei et al, 2015).…”

Section: Environmental Occurrence and Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 97%

“…PEFRs can enter the human body via several routes. Recent studies have shown that dermal absorption may contribute substantially to the total body burden of PEFRs (Abdallah et al, 2016;Mendelsohn et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2017;Bello et al, 2018;Frederiksen et al, 2018). Ingestion of dust and dermal exposure to dust and treated materials (e.g., clothes and furniture) are considered primary sources of exposure to PEFRs.…”

Section: Environmental Occurrence and Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, they were only occasionally detected, and at very low levels, in human urine samples (glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, or the sum of free form and conjugates) (Van den Eede et al, , 2016bSu et al, 2016). In several studies, the hydroxylated metabolite of TCIPP, bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) 1-hydroxy-2-propyl phosphate (BCIPHPP), appeared to be a major urinary metabolite and therefore a candidate biomarker of human exposure to this PEFR (Van den Hammel et al, 2016;Hoffman et al, 2017a;Bello et al, 2018;He et al, 2018a;Phillips et al, 2018). Total hydroxylated metabolite (i.e.…”

Section: Other Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are some indications that internal exposure may be higher than the background exposure of the general population during several types of occupational activity. For exemple, a recent study conducted in Australia showed that urinary levels of BCIPHPP among spray polyurethane foam applicators were approximately fifty times higher than urinary levels found in the general population (Bello et al, 2018). Numerous other worker groups are expected to be more heavily exposed than the general population, especially when workers are in direct contact with large volumes of PEFRs as pure chemicals or at high concentrations in technical formulations at industrial sites and in manufacturing (e.g., at electronics dismantling facilities or electronic goods recycling areas).…”

Section: Workersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

et al. 2018

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Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.

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Section: Environmental Occurrence and Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Environmental Occurrence and Routes Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Workersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

et al. 2018

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“…Cequier et al, 2015;He et al, 2018;Schreder et al, 2016). There is additional concern regarding chronic occupational exposure to compounds containing OPEs given the lack of knowledge on transformation and chronic toxicity of OPEs in humans (Bello et al, 2018;Hoffman et al, 2017a). Zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of deuterated TPHP (d15-TPHP) for 19 days resulted in some interesting partitioning (Wang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Distribution In Biotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and fate of organophosphate ester (OPE) contaminants in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using in vitro lab-based studies

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Due to ubiquitous use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants and plasticizers, they have been found at high concentrations in a variety of environmental media while having low or non-detectable levels in biota, including fish. The exposure and fate of OPEs in fish depends on understanding the toxicokinetics, though studies on OPE metabolism are lacking. A model in vitro microsomal-based metabolism assay for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was utilized to investigate OPE metabolism. Metabolic depletion was only noted for 2 alkyl OPEs and formation of corresponding diester metabolites was low, indicating other unidentified metabolites were formed. Comparison with avian and mammalian models showed fish generally had slower and less complete metabolism, illustrating species-specific differences in biotransformation. Structure also influenced OPE metabolism in that bulky, aryl OPEs were not metabolized. These results provide important information of toxicokinetic processes that can affect the exposure and fate of OPEs in rainbow trout. Chapter 1: General Introduction 1.1 Flame Retardant Chemicals and Organophosphate Esters In today's homes and public spaces, flammability concerns are well warranted. Increased use of plastics, foams, synthetic fiber-base fillings, and electronics bring an increased risk of fire as many of these polymers can be highly flammable. Industry flammability standards, such as California's Technical Bulletin 117, were implemented in an effort to reduce fires and increase average escape time (US EPA, 2007) and, as a result, production and use of flame retardants has become common practice to meet flammability standards in various consumer goods, textiles, furniture, electronics, and plastics.

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Insulation Workers

Ljubojević Hadžavdić,

Bošnjak,

Reljić

et al. 2024

Kanerva’s Occupational Dermatology

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Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in spray polyurethane foam applicators: Role of dermal exposure

Cited by 40 publications

References 25 publications

Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

Metabolism and fate of organophosphate ester (OPE) contaminants in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using in vitro lab-based studies

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