Exposure to Phenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides and Its’ Predictors of Exposure Among Spouses of Farmers

Jurewicz, Joanna; Wojciech, Hanke; Sobala, Wojciech; Ligocka, Danuta

doi:10.1289/isee.2011.00308

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Urine is a cleaner matrix than serum for analytical purposes, contains no lipids, and has been widely employed for the assessment of exposure to halogenated environmental chemicals and herbicides. 69 Conventionally, serum analysis for hydroxylated PCBs is carried out by GC-ECD or GC-MS, which requires derivatization, and subsequent stringent lipid cleanups. 70 Hydroxylated LC-PCBs are suboptimally methylated by diazomethane 71 and can be destroyed by treatment with sulfuric acid 72 or acidified silica gels.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Sulfated Metabolites of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in the Serum and Urine of Male Rats

Dhakal

Lehmler

et al. 2012

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

153

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are legacy pollutants that exert toxicities through various mechanisms. In the recent years exposure to PCBs via inhalation has been recognized as a hazard. Those PCBs with lower numbers of chlorine atoms (LC-PCBs) are semi-volatile, and have been reported in the urban air, as well as in the indoor air of older buildings. LC-PCBs are bioactivated to phenols and further to quinone electrophiles with genotoxic/carcinogenic potential. We hypothesized that phenolic LC-PCBs are subject to conjugation and excretion in the urine. PCB3, often present in high concentrations in air, is a prototypical congener for the study of the metabolism and toxicity of LC-PCBs. Our objective was to identify metabolites of PCB3 in urine that could be potentially employed in the estimation of exposure to LC-PCBs. Male Sprague Dawley rats (150–175 g) were housed in metabolism cages and received a single intraperitoneal injection of 600 µmol/kg body weight of PCB3. Urine was collected every four hours; rats were euthanized at 36 h and serum was collected. LC-MS analysis of urine before and after incubation with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase showed that sulfate conjugates were in higher concentrations than glucuronide conjugates and free phenolic forms. At least two major metabolites, and two minor metabolites were identified in urine that could be attributed to mercapturic acid metabolites of PCB3. Quantitation by authentic standards confirmed that approximately 3% of the dose was excreted in the urine as sulfates over 36 hours; with peak excretion occurring at 10–20 h after exposure. The major metabolites were 4’PCB3 sulfate, 3’PCB3 sulfate, 2’PCB3 sulfate, and presumably a catechol sulfate. The serum concentration of 4’PCB3 sulfate was 6.18±2.16 µg/mL. This is the first report that sulfated metabolites of PCBs are formed in vivo. These findings suggest a prospective approach for exposure assessment of LC- PCBs by analysis of phase II metabolites in urine.

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Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Sulfated Metabolites of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in the Serum and Urine of Male Rats

Dhakal

Lehmler

et al. 2012

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

153

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“…The general population is exposed to pesticides mainly through diet, with other contributions from inhalation of air, dermal absorption, and unintentional ingestion (Lu et al, 2006; McKelvey et al, 2013; Oulhote and Bouchard, 2013; Glorennec et al, 2017; Gracia-Lor et al, 2017). In human bodies, OPs and PYRs are typically metabolized and excreted in urine as conjugates within 4–48 h after exposure (Glorennec et al, 2017; Garí et al, 2018), whereas PAs are excreted in urine as unchanged parent compounds (80–95%) or as a conjugate, with urinary half-lives of 12–72 h (Aylward et al, 2010; Jurewicz et al, 2012). Thus, urinary levels of OPs, PYRs, and PAs are used as biomarkers of exposure to these pesticides (McKelvey et al, 2013; Oulhote and Bouchard, 2013; Glorennec et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary concentrations and profiles of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide metabolites and phenoxyacid herbicides in populations in eight countries

Li¹,

Kannan²

2018

Environment International

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Concentrations of nine metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, as well as two phenoxy herbicides, were determined in 322 urine samples collected from eight countries during 2006–2014 by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The target pesticides were found ubiquitously, indicating widespread exposure of humans to pesticides in these countries. The highest sum concentrations of 11 pesticides were found in urine collected from Vietnam (median, 28.9 ng/mL), followed in decreasing order by samples from India (14.2 ng/mL), China (13.6 ng/mL), Korea (12.5 ng/mL), Greece (12.3 ng/mL), Saudi Arabia (11.3 ng/mL), the USA (7.9 ng/mL), and Japan (7.1 ng/mL). Organophosphorus compounds accounted for 62–77% of the total urinary pesticide concentrations. Para-nitrophenol (metabolite of parathion and methyl parathion) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl) were the major metabolites, especially in India (72%), China (69%), and Greece (66%). Differences in urinary pesticide concentrations between genders (male vs. female), age groups (categorized as ≤20, 21–49, and ≥50 years), and cities (Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Qiqihar) were examined. On the basis of the concentrations measured in urine, total daily intakes (DIs) of pesticides were estimated. The DIs of chlorpyrifos were found to be higher for populations in Vietnam, Greece, India, China, and Korea (≥9.6 μg/day) than those estimated for the other countries (<5 μg/day). The DIs of parathion (≥9.6 μg/day) in populations of China, India, and Korea were higher than those estimated for the other countries (5.7–9.3 μg/day). This is the first study to establish baseline levels of exposure of a variety of pesticides in several Asian countries.

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“…Because of this, researchers have relied on the construction of exposure indices or proxies to estimate the levels of pesticide exposure (Pérez-Herrera et al 2008, Jurewicz et al 2012, Beard et al 2013. The estimate of pesticide exposure in rural populations, including the wives of agricultural workers, has been described in the literature (Alavanja et al 1996, Gladen et al 1998, Kirrane et al 2004, Issa et al 2010, Jurewicz et al 2012. However, in Mexico, the scenarios of non-occupational pesticide exposure of women have not yet been well documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticide Exposure Index: Practices Among Women From an Agricultural Community in Southeast Mexico

Pérez-Herrera

Vera-Avilés

Castillo-Burguete

et al. 2018

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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The adverse effects of pesticides on public health have been well documented in different populations across the world. Families of agricultural workers, particularly their wives, face pesticide exposures through a number of complex patterns even when they do not directly engage in agricultural work. Nonetheless, these patterns of exposure among women in agricultural communities remain understudied. Unfortunately, in Mexico there are no studies examining these patterns yet. In consequence, the main goals of this study were to: 1) evaluate pesticide exposure in a rural community of Southeast Mexico, 2) examine the patterns of environmental and para-occupational pesticide exposure, and 3) document the para-occupational and environmental pesticide exposure among women who are not agricultural workers but have an agricultural family or are wives of agricultural workers. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 78 women who did not themselves participate in any agricultural activity, but lived in an agricultural community. Questionnaires and interviews were used to construct a Pesticide Exposure Index (PEI) estimating the degree of pesticide exposure among women from agricultural families and wives of agricultural workers. Through the PEI we showed that women living in agricultural communities using pesticides are inherently exposed to a certain level of pesticides. With the PEI we showed that women from agricultural families, especially wives of agricultural workers, have a long-term para-occupational pesticide exposure that should not be underestimated because they are not agricultural workers.

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Exposure to Phenoxyacetic Acid Herbicides and Its’ Predictors of Exposure Among Spouses of Farmers

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Identification of Sulfated Metabolites of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in the Serum and Urine of Male Rats

Identification of Sulfated Metabolites of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in the Serum and Urine of Male Rats

Urinary concentrations and profiles of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide metabolites and phenoxyacid herbicides in populations in eight countries

Pesticide Exposure Index: Practices Among Women From an Agricultural Community in Southeast Mexico

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