Exposure to phthalate esters from indoor environment

Abstract

Phthalate esters and phosphate esters in samples of indoor air from 27 houses in the Tokyo Metropolitan area were quantified using gas chromatograph/ mass spectrometer and gas chromatograph/flame photometric detector after adsorption on to charcoal and solvent extraction. The median concentrations of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate were 0.10, 0.39, 0.01, 0.07 and 0.11 mg/m 3 , respectively. The median concentrations of tributyl phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, triphenyl phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate were less than 0.001 mg/m 3 . DBP was detected at the highest concentration (6.18 mg/m 3 ) in a new residential housing. This research indicated that exposure to phthalate esters through inhalation of air from the indoor environment is as important as dietary intake of phthalate esters, and can contribute to daily intake to a much greater extent than has been assumed hitherto.

Exposure assessment of phthalate esters in Japanese pregnant women by using urinary metabolite analysis

“…Since the MOE used DEHP concentration in food reported in 1998 for intake estimation, this might have resulted in overestimation of daily DEHP intake level. When we used newer exposure information of DEHP from food [39] and indoor air [40], calculated DEHP intake was 3.33 lg/kg per day, which was consistent with the present estimations from urinary metabolite concentration (1.1-2.2 lg/kg per day). This consistency may support our notion that DEHP exposure from food had recently decreased substantially in Japan.…”

Ventilation and indoor air quality in retail stores: A critical review (RP-1596)

“…DEP, a plasticizer commonly found in cosmetics and food packaging, was found in all 7 of the retail sites with mean concentration equal to 0.49 μg/m 3 . This concentration is lower than the mean concentration found in residences (0.67 μg/m 3 ) by Rudel et al (2003Rudel et al ( , 2010, Otake et al (2004), andFromme et al (2004).…”

Exposure Marker Discovery of Phthalates Using Mass Spectrometry

“…47) A combination of di erent analytical technologies and data mining tools is needed to e ciently and thoroughly identify metabolites for discovering the biomarkers of exposure, toxic e ects, or diseases. To achieve that, IPF is a stable isotope-based metabolomics approach using compound labeled with 2 H, 13 C, 15 N, or 18 O that can be used to facilitate identi cation of the metabolites. 42,48,49) e stable isotope ratio (1 : 1) from spiked native and isotope-labeled compounds were used for metabolite signal detection.…”

“…Indoor air and dust containing phthalates released from plasticized components may be inhaled. 12,13) Leaching of phthalates from medical device varies with lipid content, temperature, storage time and agitation which can cause phthalates exposure in intravenous injection. 14) Skin may come into direct contact with phthalate-containing products.…”