Exposure to Solar UVR Suppresses Cell-Mediated Immunization Responses in Humans: The Australian Ultraviolet Radiation and Immunity Study

Swaminathan, Ashwin; Harrison, Simone L.; Ketheesan, Natkunam; Boogaard, Christel H.A. van den; Dear, Keith; Allen, Martin W.; Hart, Prue H.; Cook, Matthew C.; Lucas, Robyn

doi:10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.025

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Experimental studies indicate that UVR-induced immune suppression is both local and systemic and may affect delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. Exposure to SR may reactivate latent viral infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus) and epidemiological studies suggest that SR exposure may impair to some extent the effectiveness of vaccines [72][73][74]. As shown in Figure 1, several potential implications of SR-induced immune suppression (some of them involving a net beneficial effect while others result in adverse outcomes) are not yet clearly highlighted by experimental and epidemiological studies.…”

Section: Immune Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance between Health Risks and Benefits for Outdoor Workers Exposed to Solar Radiation: An Overview on the Role of Near Infrared Radiation Alone and in Combination with Other Solar Spectral Bands

Grandi

D’Ovidio

2020

IJERPH

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Near infrared or infrared A (IRA) accounts for over 40% of the solar spectrum (SS) and is able to reach subcutaneous tissue as well as the retina. Outdoor workers are occupationally exposed to solar radiation (SR), but the level of exposure may differ widely depending on the job performed, time spent outdoors, latitude, altitude, season, personal protection, etc. Until now, risk assessment and management for outdoor workers has focused on the prevention of both acute and long-term effects on the eye and the skin due to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with little consideration of the other components of the SS (a possible exception is represented by visible radiation with reference to the eye). A growing body of evidence coming from in vitro studies indicates that IRA is involved in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and may interfere with the respiratory chain in the mitochondria. Moreover, it can modulate gene expression and some metabolic pathways. The biological action of IRA is only partly attributable to a thermal mechanism, should it be also involved in photochemical ones. The cellular and molecular pathways affected by IRA are partly similar and partly different with respect to those involved in the case of visible ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Consequently, the net effect of the SS is very difficult to predict at different levels of the biological organization, making more difficult the final balance of health risk and benefits (for the skin, eye, immune system, blood pressure, etc.) in a given exposure situation. Moreover, few in vivo studies and no epidemiological data are presently available in this regard. Investigating this topic may contribute to better defining the individual exposome. More practically, it is expected to bring benefits to the risk assessment and management for outdoor workers exposed to SS, contributing to: (1) better definition of the individual profiles of susceptibility, (2) more focused preventive and protective measures, (3) better implementation of the health surveillance and (4) a more effective information and training.

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Section: Immune Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balance between Health Risks and Benefits for Outdoor Workers Exposed to Solar Radiation: An Overview on the Role of Near Infrared Radiation Alone and in Combination with Other Solar Spectral Bands

Grandi

D’Ovidio

2020

IJERPH

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“…The possibility that sun exposure may diminish the efficacy of vaccination has been considered; however, there are limited studies which have addressed this issue, particularly in humans (94,111,112). UV-induced immunosuppression could diminish memory-based immune responses to potentially compromise the efficacy of vaccines (111,113), with exposure dose an important consideration. For example, non-burning doses of solar-simulated light (3 × week; 1.3 × standard erythemal dose during "restoration phase" for 4 weeks, then 1 × week for 8 weeks) did not modify levels of anti-hepatitis B surface antigen-specific antibodies (measured at 12 weeks) when the vaccination was delivered at baseline and after 4 weeks (114).…”

Section: Could Sun Exposure Compromise Effective Vaccination?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Gorman

Weller

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.

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“…In the past, wearable UV dosimeters were used in studies of the general population 25,26 and melanoma survivors, 27‐29 which separately provided self‐reported sun protection used; however, reported sun protection was not used to adjust the UV dose 27‐30 . A recent study adjusted UV dose for the body surface area covered by clothing but did not include sunscreen in the hourly UV calculation 31 . Previous smartphone delivery of a mobile app providing reminders to apply/reapply sunscreen and get out of the sun, as well as time to sunburn demonstrated weak sun protection improvement in the randomized trial 32,33 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection‐adjusted UV dose estimated for body areas: Daily self‐reported sun protection modification of wearable UV sensor dose

Robinson

Durst

Gray

et al. 2020

Photoderm Photoimm Photomed

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Background During the last 20 years, 50% of adults with sun‐sensitive skin have sunburned annually. Reducing the proportion of people who sunburn requires understanding the circumstances and outdoor activities during which at‐risk people sunburn. Methods A 7‐day observational study of melanoma survivors (n = 20) and young adult first‐degree relatives of melanoma survivors (FDRs) (n = 20) captured daily UV exposure, sun protection, and sunburns during spring and summer in the Midwest of the United States (latitude 41.8°N). Participants wore UV and physical activity sensors and completed a daily self‐reported survey of sun protection, sunburn, and physical activities. The estimated protection‐adjusted UV dose was calculated for each body area by integrating self‐reported sun protection with UV sensor dose. Results In 254 days, at least one body area in 9 of 20 (45%) melanoma survivors and 11 of 20 (55%) FDRs was sunburned (erythema at 24 hours). Sunburns were associated with spring and walking for transportation or leisure, especially walking the dog. Melanoma survivors used sunscreen daily on the face; however, forearms and lower legs were not protected during walking. Young adults did not use sun protection on the face, forearms or lower legs during walking for transportation and use was ineffective during sports. Conclusion The sun protection patterns of daily living identified in this study may promote recognition of erythema as sunburn and inform the development of tailored sun protection mobile applications promoting self‐monitoring with wearable UV sensors.

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Exposure to Solar UVR Suppresses Cell-Mediated Immunization Responses in Humans: The Australian Ultraviolet Radiation and Immunity Study

Cited by 18 publications

References 38 publications

Balance between Health Risks and Benefits for Outdoor Workers Exposed to Solar Radiation: An Overview on the Role of Near Infrared Radiation Alone and in Combination with Other Solar Spectral Bands

Balance between Health Risks and Benefits for Outdoor Workers Exposed to Solar Radiation: An Overview on the Role of Near Infrared Radiation Alone and in Combination with Other Solar Spectral Bands

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Protection‐adjusted UV dose estimated for body areas: Daily self‐reported sun protection modification of wearable UV sensor dose

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