Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States

Williams, W. M.; Giddings, Jeffrey M.; Purdy, John; Solomon, Keith R.; Giesy, John P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0_4

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…From these data, it is apparent that there is no strong seasonal use of CPY, although there is a somewhat greater usage in winter months for tree crops in California and greater use in summer for certain field crops (e.g., corn). These use patterns and how they affect scenarios for exposures are discussed in more detail in the companion papers of this volume (Moore et al 2014;Williams et al 2014).…”

Section: Timing Of the Use Of Chlorpyrifosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…foliage, and food items (Cutler et al 2014;Moore et al 2014), and in surface-water aquatic systems Williams et al 2014). The currently-registered formulations of chlorpyrifos and their uses in the United States were the basis for the development of the scenarios of exposure and the conceptual models used in assessing risks to birds (Moore et al 2014), pollinators (Cutler et al 2014), and aquatic organisms .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Solomon

Williams

Mackay

et al. 2014

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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Section: Timing Of the Use Of Chlorpyrifosmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Solomon

Williams

Mackay

et al. 2014

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…Although CPYO is formed in the atmosphere, it is reactive and has a shorter half-life in water (4.7 days at pH 7) than the parent (geometric mean of 2.2 to 11 days) [15]. Despite extensive sampling of surface waters in areas of more intensive use, CPYO has never been detected above the LOD [25]. Lack of observed bioconcentration or biomagnification of CPYO is completely consistent with the greater reactivity of the molecule and its greater solubility and smaller K OW than CPY [15].…”

Section: Bioaccumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in the SC, one line of evidence was based on reports of bioaccumulation of CPY in organisms in the field. Concentrations in aquatic systems in the USA have been thoroughly reviewed [25] and were not included in the assessment presented here other than in the context of assessing exceedences of criteria for toxicity and their rapid response to changes in pattern of use.…”

Section: Analysis Planmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physical and chemical properties of CPY have been summarized relative to assessment of risk to the environment of the use of this product in agriculture in the USA [15,20,25] Under environmental conditions, several transformation products of CPY are formed [20] and have been considered in the assessment of risks [26]. CPYO is assessed in this document, but trichloropyridinol (TCPy) has not been identified as a metabolite of toxicological or environmental concern [26,27] and was excluded from consideration here.…”

Section: Properties Of Chlorpyrifosmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of evidence that the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos is a potential persistent organic pollutant (POP) or persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)

et al. 2014

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A number of chemicals, including several organochlorine pesticides, have been identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Here, the properties of chlorpyrifos (CPY; CAS No. 2921-88-2) and its active metabolite, chlorpyrifos oxon (CPYO; CAS No. 5598-15-2), are assessed relative to criteria for classification of compounds as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBTs). The manufacture and use of POPs are regulated at the global level by the Stockholm Convention (SC) and the UN-ECE POP Protocol. Properties that result in a chemical being classified as a POP, along with long-range transport (LRT), while understood in a generic way, often vary among jurisdictions. Under the SC, POPs are identified by a combination of bulk (intensive) properties, including persistence and biomagnification, and an extensive property, hazard. While it is known that CPY is inherently hazardous, what is important is the aggregate potential for exposure in various environmental matrices. Instead of classifying chemicals as PBT based solely on a few simple, numeric criteria, it is suggested that an overall weight of evidence (WoE) approach, which can also consider the unique properties of the substance, be applied. While CPY and its transformation products are not currently being evaluated as POPs under the SC, CPY is widely used globally and some have suggested that its properties should be evaluated in the context of the SC, especially in locations remote from application. In Europe, all pesticides are being evaluated for properties that contribute to persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity under the aegis of EC Regulation No. 1107/2009: 'Concerning the Placing of Plant Protection Products on the Market.' The properties that contribute to the P, LRT, B, and T of CPY were reviewed, and a WoE approach that included an evaluation of the strength of the evidence and the relevance of the data to the classification of CPY and CPYO as POPs or PBTs was applied. While toxic under the simple classification system used in EC Regulation No. 1107/2009, based on its intensive properties and results of monitoring and simulation modeling, it was concluded that there is no justification for classifying CPY or its metabolite, CPYO, as a POP or PBT.

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Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms

Chará‐Serna

Richardson

2017

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used agricultural insecticides in the world, but to date there is limited empirical information about its potential to interact with other common agricultural stressors. We conducted a 15-d, community-level, microcosm experiment evaluating individual and combined effects of chlorpyrifos, nutrient enrichment, and sedimentation on stream invertebrate communities (abundance, biomass, richness, size structure, composition) and ecosystem processes (primary productivity and leaf decomposition). We found that sedimentation was the most detrimental stressor, with significant negative impacts on most invertebrate community and ecosystem function variables. Even though chlorpyrifos did not cause significant invertebrate mortality in the microcosms, it still altered ecosystem function by lowering leaf decomposition rates, probably through sublethal inhibition of invertebrate shredders. Furthermore, we observed a significant reversal interaction between chlorpyrifos and sediment for small-sized invertebrates collected in gravel (abundance in sediment 9 insecticide microcosms was 2.4 times lower than predicted by additivity), as well as an antagonistic interaction with nutrients on invertebrate richness in the same microhabitat (richness in nutrient 9 insecticide microcosms was 1.6 times higher than predicted by additivity). Our results suggest that chlorpyrifos has the potential to alter freshwater ecosystem function and interact non-additively with other common agricultural stressors. These findings are in keeping with a growing body of research highlighting that multiple stressor interactions and ecosystem processes should be considered when evaluating the impacts of organic toxicants on freshwater ecosystems.

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Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States

Evaluation of evidence that the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos is a potential persistent organic pollutant (POP) or persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT)

Chlorpyrifos interacts with other agricultural stressors to alter stream communities in laboratory microcosms

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