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Oil and natural gas remain the dominant components of the worldwide energy system. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that global energy demand will increase by at least 30 % over the next 20 years. It is expected that 99.7 million barrels per day will be needed in 2035. Therefore, the world economy depends on the availability of oil and natural gas resources, advances in oil production technologies, the development of alternative energy sources, and the existence of reliable energy supply routes. At present, the average worldwide oil recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery is in the order of one third of the total original-oil-in-place depending on the reservoir characteristics; hence, significant amounts of oil are left in the formation. To achieve oil recovery factors higher than 30 % from mature reservoirs, it is necessary to implement enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Consequently, EOR methods will become increasingly important in the future. This chapter presents a brief description of the most common EOR processes as well as information on recent developments and field applications.
Oil and natural gas remain the dominant components of the worldwide energy system. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that global energy demand will increase by at least 30 % over the next 20 years. It is expected that 99.7 million barrels per day will be needed in 2035. Therefore, the world economy depends on the availability of oil and natural gas resources, advances in oil production technologies, the development of alternative energy sources, and the existence of reliable energy supply routes. At present, the average worldwide oil recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery is in the order of one third of the total original-oil-in-place depending on the reservoir characteristics; hence, significant amounts of oil are left in the formation. To achieve oil recovery factors higher than 30 % from mature reservoirs, it is necessary to implement enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Consequently, EOR methods will become increasingly important in the future. This chapter presents a brief description of the most common EOR processes as well as information on recent developments and field applications.
The main purpose of this project became a creation of the reservoir complexity index calculation method. This index should integrate the whole complex of geological characteristics which work on the reservoir engineering complexity in one value. The article describes the approach to calculation the reservoir complexity index based on the Gaspromneft Company's assets using simplified simulation. This index allows you to conduct an express assessment of the field potential and is useful in the process of benchmarking the fields of the Company or the region. We analyzed widespread available approaches of figuring the complexity index (RCI) in which RCI acts as a function of a number of parameters affecting the Recovery Factor (RF). Then based on results of analysis a new advanced approach was submitted that takes into account, in addition to the main geological characteristics of the formation, the indices of layered and lateral inhomogeneity expressed in numerical form During the next stage was realized the multivariate statistical modelling with 2D-simulator on the stream-line that is necessary for obtaining real function connection RF=f(RCI). For the simulation, statistical data of the fields of Western Siberia (Gazprom Neft Company) were used. Then with use of gradient method were matched weighing coefficients of equation linear regression expressing RCI as a function of its parameters. As a result, a set of equations (linear regressions) with a different number of variables and different weight coefficients was obtained. These equations make it possible to calculate the field complexity factor for different sets of input data, as well as for different methods and development systems, operating conditions for the deposit, well completion types, field development periods, etc. RCI for the company's fields was evaluated and noted the high convergence of project RF data with theoretical dependence found out earlier. At the same time, it was noted that for a number of Company's fields with a high index of complexity, the values of project RF could be unjustly uprate. This approach was used for the benchmarking of the Company's fields and proved to be a good express method for assessing the field potential. The aspects considered in the article are related to the new and quite unknown area in Russian speaking segment of OnePetro library. The novelty of the approach is to use a set of simplified simulation models to obtain the linear regression equation, and also to take into account in this equation the indices of reservoir heterogeneity in numerical form. It is also a point of interest to apply this approach in conditions of deposits in Western Siberia.
A new reservoir engineering analytic tool is presented that provides express oil residual reserves estimation, classification and following express waterflooding optimization for large West Siberian brownfields. Results are compared with full field 3d simulation models, and field pilot approbations. The approach is based on residual reserves estimation and classification. Reserves classification is done with author's approach for reservoir complexity index (RCI) evaluation. The complexity of reservoir depends on three main parameters: permeability (1), fluid and rock properties: wettability, relative permeability, saturation and viscosity (2), and reservoir heterogeneity, calculated as a function of sweep efficiency and pumped pore volumes (3). All reserves are divided by RCI into several classes with the most economical way of development: sidetracks, re' hydraulic fracturing, treatments and flooding optimization. Waterflooding optimization using capacitance and resistivity model (CRM) considered more carefully as the main way to involve the largest scope of remaining reserves. The implementation of the new approach based on reserves estimation and classification helps to identify the most attractive zones and to select the most suitable way for development. It also shows values of profitable and unprofitable current remaining reserves. Based on simple capacitance resistive analogue and economic models instrument for waterflooding optimization solves the problems of OPEX reduction, NPV or production maximization in express way. Combined capacitance and OPEX optimization models demonstrate good results on some West Siberian fields and find wells with unproductive injection, unprofitable oil production (due to high watercut and low liquid rate), show zones with high production potential, help to reallocate injection volumes and to involve into development additional amount of oil coupled with economic profit. The injection wells work regime optimization is solved using genetic algorithms based on differential evolution. Results of instrument implementation correspond with 3d simulation model and show nice additional oil production on real field. To summarize, the described approach gives an opportunity to minimize operational expenditures and to improve project economic performance without additional capital expenditures or investments in the terms of low oil prices. The novelty of the work is in the using of new approach of reservoir complexity index estimation for STOIIP classification and best development methods selection. The novelty is also in integration of RCI, semi analytical physical based waterflooding management methods with hybrid data engineering methods and optimization algorithms. Using of new methods together with economic model provides a responsible tool for solving reservoir cost-engineering problems and increasing of project's value.
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