Expression Analysis ofArabidopsis thalianaSmall Secreted Protein Genes

Abstract

Small proteins secreted to the extracellular matrix in plants regulate many physiological activities, including pathogen response, material transport, and morphogenesis, but the functions of most small secreted proteins have not been elucidated except for some well-known small secreted proteins. To predict the functions and physiological roles of unidentified small secreted proteins, information on their expression patterns is valuable. Here, we report expression analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana small secreted protein (ATSP) genes that encode proteins possessing a signal peptide at Nterminal, and protein sizes were less than 100 amino acid residues. By promoter:reporter experiments, we examined the expression of 122 ATSPs, including 47 unannotated ATSPs that do not have any discernable motifs, in tissues and at the cellular level in Arabidopsis seedlings, and floral organs. As a result, 79 ATSP genes were expressed in various regions of the seedlings, and 37 ATSP genes were specifically expressed.

The Arabidopsis COPII components, AtSEC23A and AtSEC23D, are essential for pollen wall development and exine patterning

“…These constructs were used for transformation of wild-type A. thaliana . T 2 or T 3 lines were stained and examined following Nakamura et al (2012) .…”

BnaA.bZIP1 Negatively Regulates a Novel Small Peptide Gene, BnaC.SP6, Involved in Pollen Activity

“…AT1G19500 belongs to small secreted protein gene family and named ATSP6 ( Nakamura et al, 2012 ). Two ATSP6 homologs, BnSP6_C08 and BnSP6_A08, were cloned from B. napus “ZS11.” BnSP6_C08 was observed to have a significantly longer intron than that present in its paralog, BnSP6_A08 ( Figure 1A ).…”

“…Many genes encoding putative small peptides have been identified in plants by genomic study and multi-omics analysis in recent years ( Fukuda and Higashiyama, 2011 ; Nakamura et al, 2012 ; Huang et al, 2015 ). In maize, Zm908p11 , a gene predominant in pollen, was identified; this gene encodes a 97-amino-acid (a.a.) peptide that functions in pollen tube growth as a profilin ligand ( Dong et al, 2013 ).…”

“…In Arabidopsis , 152 putative small secreted protein genes that encode proteins possessing a signal peptide at N terminal, and are composed of less than 100 a.a. residues, are defined as ATSPs. One unannotated ATSP member, ATSP6 , was demonstrated to express weakly in root elongation zone and meristem by promoter-GFP analysis ( Nakamura et al, 2012 ). Based on e-FP Browser data, ATSP6 exhibits high expression levels in mature pollen and encodes a protein that is yet unidentified.…”

Mechanistic insights into the evolution of DUF26-containing proteins in land plants

“…Plants and other eukaryotes have developed a wide range of signal transduction mechanisms for controlling cellular functions and to coordinate responses on cell, tissue, organ and organismal level. Plants in particular encode large gene families of secreted proteins 6–8 and proteins with extracellular domains to respond to environmental and developmental cues but in most cases their functions are not known 4 . Signaling proteins with extracellular domains include receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) 9,10 and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) 11 .…”