Expression and localization of polygalacturonase during the outgrowth of lateral roots in Allium porrum L.

Peretto, R.; Favaron, Francesco; Bettini, Vittorio; Lorenzo, Giulia De; Marini, Stefano; Alghisi, P.; Cervone, Felice; Bonfante, Paola

doi:10.1007/bf00216810

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In addition, uninoculated transgenic roots of the composite plants showed low level of reporter gene activity in lateral root primordia and emerging lateral roots, in agreement with the PG activity associated to root growth detected in Allium (20). This latter phenomenon could account for the basal expression level observed with RNA isolated from the entire root of alfalfa.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

MsPG3 , a Medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene expressed during the alfalfa– Rhizobium meliloti interaction

Muñoz

Coronado

Perez‐Hormaeche

et al. 1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Polygalacturonase (PG) is one of the most important enzymes associated with plant cell wall degradation. It has been proposed to participate in the early steps of the Rhizobium-legume interaction. We have identified two classes of cDNA fragments corresponding to two classes of PG genes in the Medicago genome. One of this class, represented by E 2 in M. truncatula and Pl 1 in M. sativa, seems to be related to previously characterized plant PG genes expressed in pollen. We have isolated the genomic clone containing the entire gene corresponding to the second class (E 3 ). We showed that MsPG3 is a single gene in the Medicago genome coding for PG. By reverse transcription-PCR, MsPG3 expression was detected in roots 1 day after Rhizobium inoculation. The early induction of the MsPG3, as also seen by in situ hybridization experiments, supports its involvement in the early stages of the Rhizobium-legume infection process. In addition, by analyzing the expression of a MsPG3 promoter-gus construct in Vicia hirsuta-transgenic root nodules, we showed that MsPG3 was expressed in all cells of nodule primordia and in the cells of the invasion zone. By Northern blot, MsPG3 transcripts are not detected in various Medicago tissues, indicating that the function of this gene is related closely to symbiosis. Thus, our results strongly suggest the involvement of MsPG3 gene during meristem formation and͞or in the infection process, probably by facilitating cell wall rearrangement, penetration of the bacteria through the root hair wall, or infection thread formation and release of bacteria in plant cells. MsPG3 represents a class of PG genes, distinct from the pollenspecific genes, and it is the first pectic encoded enzyme demonstrated to be involved in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

MsPG3 , a Medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene expressed during the alfalfa– Rhizobium meliloti interaction

Muñoz

Coronado

Perez‐Hormaeche

et al. 1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Plant proteins were isolated according to Peretto et al (1992) with minor modifications. Five grams of rosette leaves from 40-d-old plants were ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen by mortar and pestle.…”

Section: Plant Protein Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION1 Functions in Cell Elongation and Flower Development in Arabidopsis

2014

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Pectins are acidic carbohydrates that comprise a significant fraction of the primary walls of eudicotyledonous plant cells. They influence wall porosity and extensibility, thus controlling cell and organ growth during plant development. The regulated degradation of pectins is required for many cell separation events in plants, but the role of pectin degradation in cell expansion is poorly defined. Using an activation tag screen designed to isolate genes involved in wall expansion, we identified a gene encoding a putative polygalacturonase that, when overexpressed, resulted in enhanced hypocotyl elongation in etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. We named this gene POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION1 (PGX1). Plants lacking PGX1 display reduced hypocotyl elongation that is complemented by transgenic PGX1 expression. PGX1 is expressed in expanding tissues throughout development, including seedlings, roots, leaves, and flowers. PGX1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) localizes to the apoplast, and heterologously expressed PGX1 displays in vitro polygalacturonase activity, supporting a function for this protein in apoplastic pectin degradation. Plants either overexpressing or lacking PGX1 display alterations in total polygalacturonase activity, pectin molecular mass, and wall composition and also display higher proportions of flowers with extra petals, suggesting PGX1's involvement in floral organ patterning. These results reveal new roles for polygalacturonases in plant development.

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“…Plant-derived PGs often have specialized functions and act in a tissue-specific manner (Peretto et al, 1992;Allen and Lonsdale 1993;Kalaitzis et al, 1997;Wang et al, 2000). Either up-and down-regulation in tomato of an endogenous gene encoding an endopolygalacturonase involved in fruit softening had no apparent effect on growth and development (Giovannoni et al, 1989;Smith et al, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

Targeted Modification of Homogalacturonan by Transgenic Expression of a Fungal Polygalacturonase Alters Plant Growth

et al. 2004

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Pectins are a highly complex family of cell wall polysaccharides comprised of homogalacturonan (HGA), rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. We have specifically modified HGA in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis by expressing the endopolygalacturonase II of Aspergillus niger (AnPGII). Cell walls of transgenic tobacco plants showed a 25% reduction in GalUA content as compared with the wild type and a reduced content of deesterified HGA as detected by antibody labeling. Neutral sugars remained unchanged apart from a slight increase of Rha, Ara, and Gal. Both transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis were dwarfed, indicating that unesterified HGA is a critical factor for plant cell growth. The dwarf phenotypes were associated with AnPGII activity as demonstrated by the observation that the mutant phenotype of tobacco was completely reverted by crossing the dwarfed plants with plants expressing PGIP2, a strong inhibitor of AnPGII. The mutant phenotype in Arabidopsis did not appear when transformation was performed with a gene encoding AnPGII inactivated by site directed mutagenesis.Although biochemical events causing structural changes of cell walls are expected to influence plant growth and development (Pilling et al., 2000;Bouton et al., 2002), the degradation and remodeling of cell wall constituents during development appear to be of considerable complexity and far from being fully understood. For example, the remodeling of pectin, which is thought to impact upon processes such as adhesion between cells and plant growth, requires the action of several different enzyme classes (Ridley et al., 2001). The complex role of pectin in the dynamics of cell walls is further indicated by the presence of large families of these pectic enzymes in plant genomes. For example, more than 50 genes encoding putative polygalacturonases (PGs) have been identified in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000).Indications that the pectic polymers homogalacturonan (HGA), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), and rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) play an important role in plant development have been obtained by analyzing several cell wall mutants, most of which have been obtained by mutagenesis of Arabidopsis. Among these, Arabidopsis emb30 mutants, having a mutation in a gene putatively involved in the secretory pathway, show an abnormal localization and accumulation of pectin in intercellular/interstitial spaces rather than in the corners. Cells of emb30 mutants are larger than those of the wild type and do not adhere well to each other; the seeds are impaired in the control of cell division, expansion, and polarity and do not develop as wild type (Shevell et al., 2000). The Arabidopsis quartet mutants have microspores that fail to separate during pollen development as a result of the persistence of pectin in the pollen mother cell wall (Rhee and Somerville, 1998). The Arabidopsis mur1 mutation, leading to a deficiency in fucosyl residues, affects RG-II, reducing its capacity to dimerize through the formation of boron diest...

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Expression and localization of polygalacturonase during the outgrowth of lateral roots in Allium porrum L.

Cited by 52 publications

References 28 publications

MsPG3 , a Medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene expressed during the alfalfa– Rhizobium meliloti interaction

MsPG3 , a Medicago sativa polygalacturonase gene expressed during the alfalfa– Rhizobium meliloti interaction

POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION1 Functions in Cell Elongation and Flower Development in Arabidopsis

Targeted Modification of Homogalacturonan by Transgenic Expression of a Fungal Polygalacturonase Alters Plant Growth

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