Expression and regulation of Angiopoietins and their receptor Tie-2 in sika deer antler

Abstract

The cartilage vascularization and chondrocyte survival are essential for endochondral ossification which occurs in the process of antler growth. Angiopoietins (Ang) is a family of major angiogenic growth factors and involved in regulating the vascularization. However, the expression and regulation of Angs in the antler are still unknown. The aim of this study is to localize the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2 and their receptor Tie-2 in sika deer antler using in situ hybridization and focused on analyzing the regulation of testosterone, estrogen, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9cRA on their expression in antler chondrocytes. The results showed that Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 were highly expressed in antler chondrocytes. Administration of testosterone to antler chondrocytes led to a notable increase in the expression of Ang-1 and Tie-2, and a reduction in the expression of Ang-2. The similar result was also observed after estrogen treatment. In contrast, ATRA and 9cRA could inhibit the expression of Ang-1 in antler chondrocytes and heighten the expression of Ang-2. Simultaneously, ATRA could downregulate the expression of Tie-2 in antler chondrocytes at 12 and 24 h, while 9cRA upregulate the expression of Tie-2 at 3 and 6 h. Collectively, Ang-1, Ang-2 and Tie-2 are expressed in antler chondrocytes and their expression can be affected by testosterone, estrogen, ATRA and 9cRA.

Bioactive Molecular Discovery Using Deer Antlers as a Model of Mammalian Regeneration

“…ISH has mainly focused on the investigation of gene expressed in each layer of the antler growth center (Figure C). These genes (Table S1) have been linked to cellular proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. − Interestingly, PTN gene expression has been found associated with every layer within the growth center (Figure and Table S2), suggesting it has a multifunctional role in antler regeneration. However, PTN protein detection failed to detect signal in either the dermis or blood vessel layers, with evidence suggesting PTN regulates antler stem cells mainly through the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) receptor in vivo .…”

Breeding of Androgen Receptor (AR) Gene and Its Relationship with Antler Production in Sika Deer

“…MTT method and plate cloning method were used to detect the anti-proliferation ability of prostate cancer cell (PC-3M), flow cytometry and Western blot were used .In addition, the biological safety of sdapr was evaluated by acute oral toxicity test, bone marrow micronucleus test and sperm aberration test. Although this method has certain effectiveness, it still lacks certain practicability [3].…”