Expression levels of endothelin-1, endothelin-2, and endothelin-3 vary during the initial, lag, and late phase of orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Sprogar, Špela; Meh, Alja; Vaupotič, Tomaž; Drevenšek, Gorazd; Drevenšek, Martina

doi:10.1093/ejo/cjp091

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Interestingly, we observed three phases of tooth movement: initial speedup (1–3 days), lag (14–21 days), and post-lag acceleration (21–28 days), similar to the results previously described. 1,28,29,30 Tooth movement tended to accelerate while α-SMA expression increased in the PDL and vice versa. The three phases appeared to be divided more distinctly when under a heavier load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Expression analysis of α-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C in the periodontal ligament under orthodontic loading or in vitro culture

Bai

Ruest

et al. 2015

Int J Oral Sci

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α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and tenascin-C are stress-induced phenotypic features of myofibroblasts. The expression levels of these two proteins closely correlate with the extracellular mechanical microenvironment. We investigated how the expression of α-SMA and tenascin-C was altered in the periodontal ligament (PDL) under orthodontic loading to indirectly reveal the intrinsic mechanical microenvironment in the PDL. In this study, we demonstrated the synergistic effects of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and mechanical tensile or compressive stress on myofibroblast differentiation from human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). The hPDLCs under higher tensile or compressive stress significantly increased their levels of α-SMA and tenascin-C compared with those under lower tensile or compressive stress. A similar trend was observed in the tension and compression areas of the PDL under continuous light or heavy orthodontic load in rats. During the time-course analysis of expression, we observed that an increase in α-SMA levels was matched by an increase in tenascin-C levels in the PDL under orthodontic load in vivo. The time-dependent variation of α-SMA and tenascin-C expression in the PDL may indicate the time-dependent variation of intrinsic stress under constant extrinsic loading.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Expression analysis of α-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C in the periodontal ligament under orthodontic loading or in vitro culture

Bai

Ruest

et al. 2015

Int J Oral Sci

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“…The process of orthodontic tooth movement with continuous forces is divided into three stages, namely, the initial phase, the lag phase, and the postlag phase. During the first days (initial phase), rapid tooth movement can be observed caused by the cushioning effects of the periodontal system described above [5, 17]. For example, the periodontal gap in dogs is distinctly compressed after 3 to 6 days of force application with forces up to 30 N [4].…”

Section: Stages Of Orthodontic Tooth Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the periodontal gap in dogs is distinctly compressed after 3 to 6 days of force application with forces up to 30 N [4]. In the case of prolonged and enhanced orthodontic force application, tooth movement often stops for up to 20 days, a condition termed lag phase [17]. During this stage, the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone on the pressure side of the dental root are suffering from circulatory disturbances [14].…”

Section: Stages Of Orthodontic Tooth Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the undermining resorption is exceeded at a certain stage, the alveolus will collapse, resulting in sudden tooth movement. In contrast, the postlag phase or late phase is coined by direct resorption of the socket, allowing continuous tooth movement [14, 17]. An intact periodontal circulatory system prevents alveolar tissues from hyalinization.…”

Section: Stages Of Orthodontic Tooth Movementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Hypoxia in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Niklas

Proff

Gosau

et al. 2013

International Journal of Dentistry

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Orthodontic forces are known to have various effects on the alveolar process, such as cell deformation, inflammation, and circulatory disturbances. Each of these conditions affecting cell differentiation, cell repair, and cell migration, is driven by numerous molecular and inflammatory mediators. As a result, bone remodeling is induced, facilitating orthodontic tooth movement. However, orthodontic forces not only have cellular effects but also induce vascular changes. Orthodontic forces are known to occlude periodontal ligament vessels on the pressure side of the dental root, decreasing the blood perfusion of the tissue. This condition is accompanied by hypoxia, which is known to either affect cell proliferation or induce apoptosis, depending on the oxygen gradient. Because upregulated tissue proliferation rates are often accompanied by angiogenesis, hypoxia may be assumed to fundamentally contribute to bone remodeling processes during orthodontic treatment.

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“…The resulting transgenic rats are healthy but present with a total absence of ET B in all non-adrenergic tissues 40 . The animal model of OTM used in this study had already been confirmed as appropriate for studying the role of endothelin system in bone modelling [10][11][12] . The advantage of the model was the minimally invasive placement of the coil spring between the molars and incisors www.nature.com/scientificreports/ to maximally avoid injuries to the vital structures in the incisors and surrounding structures which may otherwise cause an inflammatory response and interfere with the results of the OTM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

The role of endothelin B receptor in bone modelling during orthodontic tooth movement: a study on ETB knockout rats

Disha

Furlani

Drevenšek

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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the endothelin system has an important role in bone modelling during orthodontic tooth movement (otM); however, little is known about the involvement of endothelin B receptors (et B) in this process. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of et B in bone modelling during otM using et B knockout rats (et B-KO). Thirty-two male rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8 per group): the ET B-Ko appliance group, et B-Ko control group, wild type (et B-Wt) appliance group, and et B-Wt control group. the appliance consisted of a super-elastic closed-coil spring placed between the first and second left maxillary molar and the incisors. Tooth movement was measured on days 0 and 35, and maxillary alveolar bone volume, osteoblast, and osteoclast volume were determined histomorphometrically on day 35 of OTM. Next, we determined the serum endothelin 1 (ET-1) level and gene expression levels of the osteoclast activity marker cathepsin K and osteoblast activity markers osteocalcin and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) on day 35. The ET B-KO appliance group showed significantly lower osteoblast activity, diminished alveolar bone volume and less otM than the et B-Wt appliance group. our results showed that et B is involved in bone modelling in the late stage of otM. Endothelin 1 (ET-1) plays an important role in the regulation of bone metabolism in physiological as well as in pathophysiological processes 1-4. It has a known role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis and the regulation of osteoblastic function. ET-1 stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and activity of osteoblasts 5,6 and inhibits osteoblast apoptosis, promoting osteoblastic growth 7. ET-1 acts through both endothelin A (ET A) and endothelin B (ET B) receptors. Specifically, it has been shown that the ET-1/ET A axis is an important regulator of osteoblast activity; targeted inactivation of ET A in mature osteoblasts induced lower tibial trabecular bone volume in vivo 8. However, less is known about the role of ET B in osteogenesis. In one study, treatment with the dual ET A and ET B antagonist Macitentan showed decreased vertebral bone mass in mice, potentially from decreased osteoblast activity as well as from the increased osteoclast activity 9. Several studies also indicate the involvement of endothelins during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) 10-12. Orthodontic movement is a consequence of applying a force to the teeth. It is a mechanism that involves the biomechanical adaptation of the alveolar process and supporting periodontium. Alterations in the vascularity within the periodontal ligament (PDL), the connective tissue that connects a tooth to its surrounding alveolar bone, may trigger responses at the cellular level, such as alveolar bone modelling 13,14. During OTM areas of pressure and tension are formed in the PDL. At pressure areas, which appear in the direction of the application of force,

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Expression levels of endothelin-1, endothelin-2, and endothelin-3 vary during the initial, lag, and late phase of orthodontic tooth movement in rats

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Expression analysis of α-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C in the periodontal ligament under orthodontic loading or in vitro culture

Expression analysis of α-smooth muscle actin and tenascin-C in the periodontal ligament under orthodontic loading or in vitro culture

The Role of Hypoxia in Orthodontic Tooth Movement

The role of endothelin B receptor in bone modelling during orthodontic tooth movement: a study on ETB knockout rats

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