Expression of a β-Defensin mRNA, Lingual Antimicrobial Peptide, in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Tissue Is Induced by Mastitis

Swanson, K.M.; Gorodetsky, Stanislav I.; Good, Laura; Davis, Stephen R.; Musgrave, D. R.; Stelwagen, K.; Farr, V. C.; Molenaar, Adrian

doi:10.1128/iai.72.12.7311-7314.2004

Cited by 110 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Available lines of evidence indicate that bovine mammary epithelial cells respond to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and other microbial products by producing proinflammatory cytokines required to combat invading pathogens [4,7,17,30,32,38]. Other epithelial cell types (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tolllike receptors (TLRs) are expressed by the epithelia and other immune cells, such as patterns, some pathogens are known to trigger more than one TLR [28,38]. TLR4 is one of the best characterized TLRs and is mainly activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, mRNA sequences and chromosomal location of most genes of TLR4 signaling molecules in cattle were not available until recently [10]. The role of mammary epithelial signaling of the immune system in response to LPS has been proven by several investigations in cattle [4,7,30,32,38]. Persson Waller et al [32] observed a marked increase in milk and lymph interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations and milk somatic cell counts in mammary epithelial cells challenged with LPS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and downstream TLR signaling molecules in bovine mammary epithelial cells

et al. 2007

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-Bovine mammary epithelial cells contribute to the innate immune response to intramammary infections by recognizing pathogens through specialized pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is one such receptor that binds and is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, MAC-T cells (a bovine mammary epithelial cell line) were incubated in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of LPS for 24 h. Expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were analyzed at both mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA of both receptors were up-regulated by all concentrations of LPS used (P < 0.01). Similarly, flow cytometry with specific antibodies against TLR2 and TLR4 detected increased surface expression of these proteins. Furthermore, expression of downstream TLR4 signaling molecules was examined by qPCR following varying exposure times to 1 μg/mL of LPS. Results demonstrate that the required adaptor molecules and transcription factors were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. Both the MyD88 dependent and independent pathways in TLR4 signaling were activated in MAC-T cells. Expression of TOLLIP increased in response to LPS as did the pro-apoptotic protease, CASP8. These results suggest that the bovine mammary epithelium possesses the necessary immune repertoires required to achieve a robust defense against E. coli. The current findings, coupled with previous findings that S. aureus ligands induce up-regulation of TLR4, may indicate a positive adaptation by mammary epithelial cells to effectively respond to different types of mastitis pathogens.lipopolysaccharide / TLR4 and TLR2 / signal transduction / bovine mammary epithelial cells / mastitis

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and downstream TLR signaling molecules in bovine mammary epithelial cells

et al. 2007

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“…Lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase each possess the ability to suppress the growth of certain bacteria and were identified as minor milk proteins in the early part of the twentieth century . More recently, it has become apparent that milk also contains a range of additional antimicrobial proteins and peptides, including members of the b-defensin, complement, cathelicidin and S100 calgranulin families, as well as several acute phase proteins (Eckersall et al, 2001;Jia et al, 2001;Rainard, 2003;Swanson et al, 2004;Murakami et al, 2005;Lutzow et al, 2008). The role that two of these effector proteins play in contributing to the host-defence function of milk is described below, drawing on previously published work as well as our own unpublished data.…”

Section: Effector Proteins In Cows' Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-defence-related proteins in cows’ milk

Wheeler

Smolenski

Harris

et al. 2012

Animal

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Milk is a source of bioactive molecules with wide-ranging functions. Among these, the immune properties have been the best characterised. In recent years, it has become apparent that besides the immunoglobulins, milk also contains a range of minor immune-related proteins that collectively form a significant first line of defence against pathogens, acting both within the mammary gland itself as well as in the digestive tract of the suckling neonate. We have used proteomics technologies to characterise the repertoire of host-defence-related milk proteins in detail, revealing more than 100 distinct gene products in milk, of which at least 15 are known host-defence-related proteins. Those having intrinsic antimicrobial activity likely function as effector proteins of the local mucosal immune defence (e.g. defensins, cathelicidins and the calgranulins). Here, we focus on the activities and biological roles of the cathelicidins and mammary serum amyloid A. The function of the immune-related milk proteins that do not have intrinsic antimicrobial activity is also discussed, notably lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, RNase4, RNase5/angiogenin and cartilage-glycoprotein 39 kDa. Evidence is shown that at least some of these facilitate recognition of microbes, resulting in the activation of innate immune signalling pathways in cells associated with the mammary and/or gut mucosal surface. Finally, the contribution of the bacteria in milk to its functionality is discussed. These investigations are elucidating how an effective first line of defence is achieved in the bovine mammary gland and how milk contributes to optimal digestive function in the suckling calf. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the health benefits of milk, as well as to the development of high-value ingredients from milk.

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“…One of the best characterised TLRs is TLR4, which is mainly activated by LPS, a component of Gramnegative bacteria. TLR2 recognises bacterial cell wall components including those found on Gram-positive bacteria (peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, lipoproteins) and also LPS from Leptospira interrogans and Porphyromonas gingivalis (16,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like receptor-4, but not toll-like receptor-2 mediates secretion of tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin-8 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells

Qin

et al. 2013

Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy

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Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) from Kunming mice were isolated and stimulated in vitro with 10 μg/mL of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The release of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) into culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. Furthermore, blocking experiments with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 antibodies were performed to verify whether cytokine secretion depended on LPS-induced activation of TLR2 or TLR4. The results revealed that LPS-stimulated mouse MECs significantly secreted TNF-α and IL-8. Blocking of the TLR4 pathway inhibited the secretion of TNF-α and IL-8, while inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-8 production was not observed when TLR2 was blocked. Thus, TLR4 can mediate the LPS-induced expression of cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-8 in mouse MECs.

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Expression of a β-Defensin mRNA, Lingual Antimicrobial Peptide, in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Tissue Is Induced by Mastitis

Cited by 110 publications

References 14 publications

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and downstream TLR signaling molecules in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces increased expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and downstream TLR signaling molecules in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Host-defence-related proteins in cows’ milk

Toll-like receptor-4, but not toll-like receptor-2 mediates secretion of tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin-8 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse mammary epithelial cells

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