“…Furthermore, it is known that elderly produce increased levels of antibodies to autologous antigens often accompanied by autoimmune phenomena (Candore et al, , 1997Banerjee et al, 2002) and are less able to make high-affinity antibodies to foreign antigens. Indeed, increased CD5 + B lymphocytes, that, as known, play a key role as producers of autoantibodies (Dalloul, 2009;Youinou et al, 1988), have been demonstrated in old humans (Weksler, 2000) and mice (Alter-Wolf et al, 2009b), in lupus mouse models (Zhong et al, 2009) and in human rheumatoid arthritis (Nakiri et al, 2007). However in our previous paper (Colonna Romano et al, 2003) we found an age-related decrease of CD5 + B cells, The intriguing aspect is that, in our elderly population, there is an increase of the IgD − CD27 − DN B cells, and one hypothesis might be that these cells could be responsible for production of autoantibodies or cytokines that lead to an imbalance of the mechanism controlling the immune response against self antigens.…”