Expression of CD69 molecule in Rheumatoid Arthritis Iraqi patients

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, where the normal joint tissues attacked by body’s immune system, causing their inflammation. Cluster of Differentiation 69 (CD69) is a human transmembrane C-Type lectin protein encoded by the CD69 gene. It’s expression was induced by activation (in vivo and in vitro) of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer (NK) Cells. As CD69 early activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases, its expression on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes must be evaluated.Objective: To evaluate the expression of CD69 on peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in RA Iraqi patients. Patients and methods: This study carried out between March 2014 and May 2014. The study involved 40 patients diagnosed with RA attending rheumatology outpatient’s clinic at Baghdad medical city teaching hospital diagnosed clinically and classified according to the 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis, compared to 40 apparently healthy individuals as a control group. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was measured by Westergren method. Flow cytometric immunophenotype analysis applied on T-lymphocytes for measuring the fluorescence intensity of CD3 and CD69 expression on those cells.Results: This study showed that the mean of ESR in RA patients was (66.8) while in healthy control it is only (20.4). And the mean of CD3 was higher in healthy individuals (41.88) than in RA patients (35.32), while the mean of CD69 was significantly higher among RA patients (11.09) than that of healthy controls (3.58). Also a moderately strong positive linear correlation was found between CD69 expression and RA severity.Conclusions: the expression of CD69 was up-regulated in freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from RA patients in comparison to healthy individuals.

The Effect of the Treated Wastewater on the Pollution of the Diyala River

“…It ranged between (1.9 -2.2) ds/cm, at a rate of (1.9) ds/cm, and this rate is above the permissible limits in the specifications of Iraqi Standard 417 of 2009 and the World Health Organization [10] for drinking water, table (2,3,4,5). It was noted that the EC values increase towards the Al-Rustamiya station and reach its highest value at the Al-Rustamiya project and after the downstream (W2, W3 station).…”

“…Evaluation of water quality according to the total hardship, which is a measure of the Ionian concentration content (Mg +2 , Ca +2 ) which is common in water and is expressed as a caco 3 reward. The hardship is important in managing water quality because it determines the validity of the water for many home, industrial and agricultural uses [12] The results of the study showed the high levels of ion Calciaum compared to Al-Magnasum and the collection of stations, as the value of the hardship(622-782) mg/l for the month of April and July, respectively, Table (2,3,4,5) has a natural geological sources from melting limestone and gypsum rocks found in the Diyala River basin. In addition to the contaminated human activities of the river.…”

“…) Table (2,3,4,5). The results showed that the average concentration of calcium ion(127) mg/l for the month of June (150) for the month of July, is part of the 2009 Iraqi drinking water description determinants, but it exceeded the permissible borders in the global health description [10].…”

“…It is one of the most dangerous sources of water pollution, as it contains dissolved pollutants (Suspended). (Lnorganic), the second category, with a rate of (30%) of solid materials and consists of minerals and salts [2,3]. Sewerage waste is one of the most prominent sources of river water pollution inside the cities, because of the chemicals and harmful biological materials and difficult toxic substances.…”