2023
DOI: 10.3390/cells12060851
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Expression of Checkpoint Molecules in the Tumor Microenvironment of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Implications for Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy

Abstract: Background: The tumor microenvironment (TME) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) influences the immune environment. Checkpoint blockade is promising, but reliable biomarkers to predict response to treatment are still lacking. Materials and Methods: The levels of checkpoint molecules (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, ICOS, TIGIT, TIM-3, CTLA-4), macrophages (CD68), and T cells (CD4 and CD8 cells) were assessed by multiplexed immunofluorescence in 50 intrahepatic cases. Associations between marker expression, immune cells, an… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…In the realm of immune cells, several immune checkpoints have been identified. They include PD1, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain ( TIGIT ), TIM3 , and LAG-3 [ 53 ]. Nevertheless, dependable immune checkpoint markers would enable quick and accurate prediction of the therapeutic response in CCA treatment [ 54 ].…”
Section: Current State Recent Advances and Challenges Of Immunotherap...mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…In the realm of immune cells, several immune checkpoints have been identified. They include PD1, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), T-cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain ( TIGIT ), TIM3 , and LAG-3 [ 53 ]. Nevertheless, dependable immune checkpoint markers would enable quick and accurate prediction of the therapeutic response in CCA treatment [ 54 ].…”
Section: Current State Recent Advances and Challenges Of Immunotherap...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Multiple co-expressions on T cells indicate that combination therapy targeting various immune checkpoints may yield more effective therapeutic outcomes than a single-agent therapy focused solely on blocking PD1 [ 53 ].…”
Section: Current State Recent Advances and Challenges Of Immunotherap...mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…In this case, immune checkpoint inhibitors against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), 18,19 programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), 20 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and new therapeutic methods such as tumor vaccines 21 and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells 22 can enhance antitumor activity. [23][24][25] Chemotherapy and surgery are the main treatment options for PDAC. However, only 20% of patients were eligible for surgery at the time of diagnosis.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this case, immune checkpoint inhibitors against programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), 18 , 19 programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), 20 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and new therapeutic methods such as tumor vaccines 21 and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells 22 can enhance antitumor activity. 23 25 …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%