Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in gastric carcinoma: Relationship with clinicopathological parameters

Hafez, Nesreen H.; Tahoun, Neveen

doi:10.1016/j.jnci.2016.05.005

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Studies show that VEGF enhances cell proliferation, permeability, migration, and increases cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis. On the other hand, VEGF-targeted therapies have been shown to inhibit tumor growth, angiogenesis, and permeability ( 122 ). VEGF receptors are expressed by human colorectal cancer cells.…”

Section: Mediators: Cancer Inflammation and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk

2018

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The inflammation is the protective response of the body against various harmful stimuli; however, the aberrant and inappropriate activation tends to become harmful. The acute inflammatory response tends to resolved once the offending agent is subside but this acute response becomes chronic in nature when the body is unable to successfully neutralized the noxious stimuli. This chronic inflammatory microenvironment is associated with the release of various pro-inflammatory and oncogenic mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines [IL-1β, IL-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], growth factor, and chemokines. These mediators make the inflammatory microenvironment more vulnerable toward tumorigenesis. The pro-inflammatory mediators released during the chronic inflammation tends to induce several molecular signaling cascades such as nuclear factor kappa B, MAPKinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Janus kinases/STAT, Wnt/B-catenin, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein. The immune system and its components have a pleiotropic effect on inflammation and cancer progression. Immune components such as T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils either inhibit or enhance tumor initiation depending on the type of tumor and immune cells involved. Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-associated neutrophils are pro-tumorigenic cells highly prevalent in inflammation-mediated tumors. Similarly, presence of T regulatory (Treg) cells in an inflammatory and tumor setting suppresses the immune system, thus paving the way for oncogenesis. However, Treg cells also inhibit autoimmune inflammation. By contrast, cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells confer antitumor immunity and are associated with better prognosis in patients with cancer. Cytotoxic T cells inflict a direct cytotoxic effect on cells expressing oncogenic markers. Currently, several anti-inflammatory and antitumor therapies are under trials in which these immune cells are exploited. Adoptive cell transfer composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been tried for the treatment of tumors after their ex vivo expansion. Mediators released by cells in a tumorigenic and inflammatory microenvironment cross talk with nearby cells, either promoting or inhibiting inflammation and cancer. Recently, several cytokine-based therapies are either being developed or are under trial to treat such types of manifestations. Monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-6 has shown promising results to ameliorate inflammation and cancer, while direct administration of IL-2 has been shown to cause tumor regression.

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Section: Mediators: Cancer Inflammation and The Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk

2018

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“…COX-2 expression was suggested as an indicator for intestinal type carcinoma, advanced gastric tumor and H. pylori infection [12]. Also COX-2 mRNA expression in gastric carcinoma tissue was correlated with depth of invasion, indicating that this enzyme is involved in the growth of stomach tumor [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme has been observed to be increased in different tumors and related to the processes of angiogenesis, tumor proliferation and metastasis [5]. Studies have shown the prognostic significance of COX-2 in esophageal adenocarcinomas and carcinomas [6][7][8][9], as well as in gastric inflammations and cancers [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression profiles of Annexin A1, formylated peptide receptors and cyclooxigenase-2 in gastroesophageal inflammations and neoplasias

Takaoka

Sertório

Magalini

et al. 2018

Pathology - Research and Practice

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The anti-inflammatory protein Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) is associated to tumor invasion process and its actions can be mediated by formylated peptides receptors (FPRs). Therefore, we evaluated the expression and correlation of ANXA1, FPR and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme in esophageal and stomach inflammations and neoplasias. The study of proteins was performed by immunohistochemistry in biopsies of esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, as well as gastritis, stomach polypus and gastric adenocarcinoma. The intensity of the expressions was evaluated by densitometry. The immunohistochemical and densitometric analyzes showed specificity for the FPR1 receptor and modulation of the ANXA1, COX-2 and FPR1 expressions in the epithelial cells in the different studied conditions. Increased immunoreactivity of these proteins was observed in cases of inflammation and stomach polypus. Interestingly, moderate immunoreactivity for ANXA1 and FPR1 but increased immunolabeling for COX-2 were observed in Barrett́s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinomas. Also, there was reduced expression of ANXA1 and FPR1 in esophageal carcinoma but COX-2 overexpression in this tumor. There was no expression of FPR2 but ANXA1 and FPR1 expressions were positively correlated in all clinical conditions studied. Positive correlation between ANXA1 and COX-2 were also observed in inflammation conditions while negative correlation between ANXA1 and COX-2 was observed in esophageal carcinoma. Our results demonstrate the unregulated expression of ANXA1 and COX-2 in precursor lesions of esophageal and stomach cancers, reinforcing their involvement in gastroesophageal carcinogenesis. In addition, the data show that the actions of ANXA1 in the inflammatory and neoplastic processes of the esophagus and stomach are specifically mediated by the FPR1 receptor.

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“…Furthermore, gastrin has been shown to increase cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) secretion in AGS-E cells transfected with human CCK2R (AGS-GR) via an Akt-dependent mechanism (46-49). Importantly, Xu et al .…”

Section: Cholecystokinin B Receptor (Cck2r)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into gastric neuroendocrine tumors burden

Araújo

Barra

Khayat

et al. 2017

Chinese Journal of Cancer Research

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Type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors (gNETs) are usually small lesions, restricted to mucosal and sub-mucosal layers of corpus and fundus, with low aggressive behavior, for the majority of cases. Nevertheless, some cases present aggressive behavior. The increasing incidence of gNETs brings together a new relevant problem: how to identify potentially aggressive type 1 gNETs. The challenging problem seems to be finding out signs or features able to predict potentially aggressive cases, allowing a tailored approach, since the involved societies dedicated to provide guidelines for management of these neoplasms apparently failed in producing staging systems able to accurately predict prognosis of these tumors. Additionally, it is also important to try to find out explanations for increasing incidence, as well as to identify potential targets aiming to reach better control of this neoplasia. Here, we discuss potential pathways implicated in aggressive behavior, as well as new strategies to improve clinical management of these tumors.

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Expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in gastric carcinoma: Relationship with clinicopathological parameters

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk

Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk

Expression profiles of Annexin A1, formylated peptide receptors and cyclooxigenase-2 in gastroesophageal inflammations and neoplasias

Insights into gastric neuroendocrine tumors burden

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