Expression of Functional Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Factors in Human Milk

Garofalo, Roberto P.; Goldman, Armond S.

doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30057-5

Cited by 108 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…In a mouse study (Letterio et al 1994) transforming growth factor-b from milk was found to be absorbed in the gut and to depress the inflammation that occurs in mice lacking the gene for transforming growth factor-b. Human milk contains soluble receptors for IL-1b and for TNFa, resulting in blockage of the pro-inflammatory effects of these cytokines (Garofalo & Goldman, 1999). Numerous other milk components are also anti-inflammatory, involving many different mechanisms: lactoferrin, as mentioned earlier, blocks cytokine production via NF-kB in leucocyte nuclei (Haversen et al 2003); complement is inhibited by lysozyme, lactoferrin, a-lactalbumin, soluble complement inhibitors and complement regulatory factors (Ogundele, 1999); PG in milk inhibit neutrophil enzymes and are cytoprotective; several anti-proteases in milk, such as a1-antitrypsin, a1-antichymotrypsin and elastase inhibitor, block potentially-tissue-damaging enzymes (Garofalo & Goldman, 1999).…”

Section: Additional Potentially-protective and Anti-inflammatory Factmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human milk contains soluble receptors for IL-1b and for TNFa, resulting in blockage of the pro-inflammatory effects of these cytokines (Garofalo & Goldman, 1999). Numerous other milk components are also anti-inflammatory, involving many different mechanisms: lactoferrin, as mentioned earlier, blocks cytokine production via NF-kB in leucocyte nuclei (Haversen et al 2003); complement is inhibited by lysozyme, lactoferrin, a-lactalbumin, soluble complement inhibitors and complement regulatory factors (Ogundele, 1999); PG in milk inhibit neutrophil enzymes and are cytoprotective; several anti-proteases in milk, such as a1-antitrypsin, a1-antichymotrypsin and elastase inhibitor, block potentially-tissue-damaging enzymes (Garofalo & Goldman, 1999). It should be added that the large amounts of SIgA antibodies in the colostrum and milk also act as an anti-inflammatory agent by binding microbes, thus preventing them from attaching to and invading the mucosal membranes in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, where they would bind to and activate Toll-like receptors on leucocytes in those sites.…”

Section: Additional Potentially-protective and Anti-inflammatory Factmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

2007

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The newborn receives, via the placenta, maternal IgG antibodies against the microbes present in its surroundings, but such antibodies have a pro-inflammatory action, initiating the complement system and phagocytes. Although the host defence mechanisms of the neonate that involve inflammatory reactivity are somewhat inefficient, this defence system can still have catabolic effects. Breast-feeding compensates for this relative inefficiency of host defence in the neonate by providing considerable amounts of secretory IgA antibodies directed particularly against the microbial flora of the mother and her environment. These antibodies bind the microbes that are appearing on the infant's mucosal membranes, preventing activation of the pro-inflammatory defence. The major milk protein lactoferrin can destroy microbes and reduce inflammatory responses. The non-absorbed milk oligosaccharides block attachment of microbes to the infant's mucosae, preventing infections. The milk may contain anti-secretory factor, which is anti-inflammatory, preventing mastitis in mothers and diarrhoea in infants. Numerous additional factors in the milk are of unknown function, although IL-7 is linked to the larger size of the thymus and the enhanced development of intestinal Tgd lymphocytes in breast-fed compared with non-breast-fed infants. Several additional components in the milk may help to explain why breast-feeding can reduce infant mortality, protecting against neonatal septicaemia and meningitis. It is therefore important to start breast-feeding immediately. Protection is also apparent against diarrhoea, respiratory infections and otitis media. There may be protection against urinary tract infections and necrotizing enterocolitis, and possibly also against allergy and certain other immunological diseases, and tumours. In conclusion, breast-feeding provides a very broad multifactorial anti-inflammatory defence for the infant.

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Section: Additional Potentially-protective and Anti-inflammatory Factmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Additional Potentially-protective and Anti-inflammatory Factmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

2007

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“…The main diet-derived antioxidant compounds in breast milk are vitamin C, a-tocopherol and b-carotene (Garofalo & Goldman, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant

et al. 2004

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Objective: To assess the effects of maternal dietary and supplement intake of vitamins C and E on breast milk antioxidant composition (vitamin C, a-tocopherol and b-carotene) and their protective potential against the development of atopy in the infant. Design, subjects and methods: Mothers with atopic disease were recruited at the end of gestation and maternal sensitization was assessed by skin-prick testing. The 4-day food records of the mothers and breast milk samples were collected at the infants' age of 1 month. Infants' atopy was defined by the presence of atopic dermatitis during the first year of life and a positive skinprick test reaction at 12 months of age (n ¼ 34). Results: Maternal intake of vitamin C in diet but not as supplement was shown to determine the concentration of vitamin C in breast milk. A higher concentration of vitamin C in breast milk was associated with a reduced risk of atopy in the infant (OR ¼ 0.30; 95% CI 0.09-0.94; P ¼ 0.038), whereas a-tocopherol had no consistent relationship with atopy. The group at risk of suboptimal vitamin C supply from breast milk was identified as infants whose mothers suffer from food hypersensitivity. Conclusion: A maternal diet rich in natural sources of vitamin C during breastfeeding could reduce the risk of atopy in high-risk infants. Sponsorship: The Academy of Finland, the Juho Vainio Foundation and the Finnish Cultural Foundation.

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“…In the early months of life, breastfeeding represents an important source of protective immune molecules and is believed to be the main preventive means to reduce the death rate of children younger than 5 years (16). Breast milk contains immunomodulatory mediators, such as cytokines (e.g., IL-10, TGFb, IL-1b), Abs, and soluble PRR (e.g., sCD14, soluble TLR2), which can compensate and/or instruct the immature immune system of neonates (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-10, TGF-b), lactadherin, lactoferrin, and Abs, breast milk contains biologically active and protective innate immune sensors, such as soluble CD14 (sCD14) and soluble TLR2 (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prototypic Long Pentraxin PTX3 Is Present in Breast Milk, Spreads in Tissues, and Protects Neonate Mice from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection

Jaillon

Mancuso

Hamon

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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Newborns and infants present a higher susceptibility to infection than adults, a vulnerability associated with deficiencies in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Innate immune receptors are sensors involved in the recognition and elimination of microbes that play a pivotal role at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), the prototypic long pentraxin, is a soluble pattern recognition receptor involved in the initiation of protective responses against selected pathogens. Because neonates are generally resistant to these pathogens, we suspected that PTX3 may be provided by a maternal source during the early life times. We observed that human colostrum contains high levels of PTX3, and that mammary epithelial cell and CD11b+ milk cells constitutively produce PTX3. Interestingly, PTX3 given orally to neonate mice was rapidly distributed in different organs, and PTX3 ingested during lactation was detected in neonates. Finally, we observed that orally administered PTX3 provided protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in neonate mice. Therefore, breastfeeding constitutes, during the early life times, an important source of PTX3, which actively participates in the protection of neonates against infections. In addition, these results suggest that PTX3 might represent a therapeutic tool for treating neonatal infections and support the view that breastfeeding has beneficial effects on the neonates’ health.

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Expression of Functional Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Factors in Human Milk

Cited by 108 publications

References 105 publications

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

Vitamin C in breast milk may reduce the risk of atopy in the infant

Prototypic Long Pentraxin PTX3 Is Present in Breast Milk, Spreads in Tissues, and Protects Neonate Mice from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection

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