Expression of galanin and a galanin receptor in several sensory systems and bone anlage of rat embryos

Xu, Zhi‐Qing David; Shi, Tie‐Jun Sten; Hökfelt, Tomas

doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14901

Cited by 75 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 35 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It is likely that PACAP has a role during development and that the up-regulation of the gene after axotomy could be similar to the events occurring prenatally. In this context, it is worth mentioning that the expression of galanin, in contrast to PACAP, was markedly attenuated in the adult rat compared with prenatal levels (Xu et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Embryonic expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in sensory and autonomic ganglia and in spinal cord of the rat

1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide that is related structurally to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), has been shown to stimulate neuronal growth and differentiation, indicating a possible function in the development of the nervous system. Studies have indicated that the PACAP receptor is expressed during development, but data on PACAP expression are limited mainly to postnatal development. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the expression of PACAP in autonomic and sensory ganglia and spinal cord of rat fetuses at embryonic days 12-21 (E12-E21). PACAP immunoreactivity was visualized by using a specific monoclonal anti-PACAP antibody to detect both PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, and PACAP mRNA was visualized by using a [33P]-labeled cRNA-probe. PACAP- nerve fibers were observed in the spinal cord as early as E13. At E14, PACAP-immunoreactive nerve fibers projected to the sympathetic trunk, where few PACAP- nerve cell bodies were seen from E15. On the same embryonic day, PACAP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies appeared in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord. From E15 to E16, PACAP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were visible within sensory and autonomic ganglia, such as the dorsal root, the trigeminal, the sphenopalatine, the otic, the submandibular, and the nodose ganglia. At E16, PACAP+ nerve fibers were innervating the adrenal medulla, and immunoreactive fibers could also be observed in the superior cervical ganglion, in which PACAP-immunoreactive cell bodies were detected occasionally from E18. The synthesis of PACAP in neuronal cell bodies was confirmed by the demonstration of PACAP mRNA with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Thus, in all of the structures examined, PACAP appeared at roughly the same embryonic stage and, thereafter, increased to the adult level before birth. Because PACAP occurred with the same distribution pattern as that described in the adult rat, there is no evidence for transient expression. The early expression of PACAP suggests a possible role for the peptide in the developing nervous system.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Embryonic expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in sensory and autonomic ganglia and in spinal cord of the rat

1998

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Even if only a few galanin-immunoreactive cell bodies have been observed in the normal adult rat cortex (Skofitsch and Jacobowitz, 1985;Melander et al, 1986), and even if galanin development has essentially been considered to be postnatal (Sizer and Foster, 1992), more recent studies suggest the presence of galanin prenatally (Marti et al, 1987;Gabriel et al, 1989;Xu et al, 1996), even in stem cells (Tarasov et al, 2002). In fact, recent studies on a galanin knockout mouse strongly suggest that galanin has an important developmental role in the central (O'Meara et al, 2000) and peripheral nervous systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of long‐term mouse brain aggregating cultures: Evidence for maintenance of neural precursor cells

Berglund

Aarum

Haeberlein

et al. 2004

J of Comparative Neurology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An extensive characterization of fetal mouse brain cell aggregates has been performed using immunohistochemical and stereological methods. Single cell suspensions from mechanically dissociated cortex and hippocampus were cultured in serum-free, B27-supplemented medium under constant gyratory agitation for up to 56 days. Three-dimensional aggregates started to form immediately after seeding and reached a final average size of 500 microm in diameter. Among the cell types identified, neurons were the most abundant cells in the aggregates, followed by astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Western blotting for synaptophysin and immunostaining for neurotransmitter-related molecules indicated the presence of well-defined phenotypic characteristics of the neurons in this culture system, suggesting functionality. Proliferating cells, many with neural precursor cell properties, were seen throughout the culture period and could be isolated from the aggregates even after 2 months in culture. Neural precursor cells were isolated from the aggregates after more than 1 month in culture; these cells were successfully differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The aggregate culture system may provide a versatile tool for molecular dissection of processes identified in mouse models, including transgenic animals and manipulation of neural precursor cells.

show abstract

“…During embryogenesis, galanin was widely expressed in differentiating neurones of the peripheral nervous system but dramatically decreased postnatally and was no longer observed in mature principal sympathetic neurones of avian models (Barreto-Estrada et al, 1997;Garcia-Arraras and Torres-Avillan, 1999), as well as in rodent (Xu et al, 1996) and human (Marti et al, 1987;Del Fiacco and Quartu, 1994) primary sensory neurones. Similarly, in NB, most undifferentiated neuronal cells displayed robust galanin expression while its levels were reduced in the well-differentiated GN neuronal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galanin and galanin receptor expression in neuroblastic tumours: correlation with their differentiation status

et al. 2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neuroblastoma and its benign differentiated counterpart, ganglioneuroma, are paediatric neuroblastic tumours arising in the sympathetic nervous system. Their broad spectrum of clinical virulence is mainly related to heterogeneous biologic background and tumour differentiation. Neuroblastic tumours synthesize various neuropeptides acting as neuromodulators. Previous studies suggested that galanin plays a role in sympathetic tissue where it could be involved in differentiation and development. We investigated the expression and distribution of galanin and its three known receptors (Gal-R1, Gal-R2, Gal-R3) in 19 samples of neuroblastic tumours tissue by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and fluorescent-ligand binding. This study provides clear evidence for galanin and galanin receptor expression in human neuroblastic tumours. The messengers coding for galanin, Gal-R1 and -R3 were highly expressed in neuroblastoma and their amount dramatically decreased in ganglioneuroma. In contrast, Gal-R2 levels remained unchanged. Double labelling studies showed that galanin was mainly coexpressed with its receptors whatever the differentiation stage. In neuroblastic tumours, galanin might promote cell-survival or counteract neuronal differentiation through the different signalling pathways mediated by galanin receptors. Finally, our results suggest that galanin influences neuroblastoma growth and development as an autocrine/paracrine modulator. These findings suggest potential critical implications for galanin in neuroblastic tumours development.

show abstract

Expression of galanin and a galanin receptor in several sensory systems and bone anlage of rat embryos

Cited by 75 publications

References 35 publications

Embryonic expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in sensory and autonomic ganglia and in spinal cord of the rat

Embryonic expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in sensory and autonomic ganglia and in spinal cord of the rat

Characterization of long‐term mouse brain aggregating cultures: Evidence for maintenance of neural precursor cells

Galanin and galanin receptor expression in neuroblastic tumours: correlation with their differentiation status

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About