Expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase correlates with flavanol accumulation during heartwood formation in Juglans nigra

Beritognolo, Isacco; Magel, Elisabeth; Abdel-Latif, Amani; Charpentier, Jean-Paul; Jay‐Allemand, Christian; Breton, Catherine

doi:10.1093/treephys/22.5.291

Cited by 56 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Although it is well known that ray parenchyma cells play an important role in the formation of heartwood, these results indicate that ray parenchyma cells that die earlier are not involved in the formation of heartwood extractives. High-level expression of genes, whose products participate in secondary metabolism at the sapwood-heartwood transition zone, was detected in Juglans nigra and Robinia pseudoacacia (Beritognolo et al 2002;Yang et al 2004). Such genes might not be expressed in the ray parenchyma cells that are in contact with ray tracheids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in patterns of cell death between ray parenchyma cells and ray tracheids in the conifers Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida

Nakaba

Kubo

Funada

2008

Trees

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Differences in patterns of cell death between ray parenchyma cells and ray tracheids in the conifers Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida were clarified. Differentiation and cell death of ray tracheids occurred successively and both were related to the distance from the cambium. In this respect, they resembled those of longitudinal tracheids. Thus, the cell death of short-lived ray tracheids could be characterized as time-dependent programmed cell death. In contrast, ray parenchyma cells survived for several years or more, and no successive cell death occurred, even within a single radial line of cells in a ray. Thus, the features of death of the ray parenchyma cells were different from those of ray tracheids. Cell death occurred early in ray parenchyma cells that were in contact with ray tracheids. The initiation of secondary wall thickening occurred earlier in ray parenchyma cells that were in contact with ray tracheids in Pinus densiflora than in others. In addition, localized thickening of secondary walls occurred only in ray parenchyma cells that were in contact with ray tracheids in Pinus rigida. Moreover, no polyphenols were evident in such cells in either species. Therefore, ray parenchyma cells that were in contact with ray tracheids appeared not to play a role in the formation of heartwood extractives. Our observations indicate that short-lived ray tracheids might affect the pattern of differentiation and, thus, the functions of neighboring longlived ray parenchyma cells in conifers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in patterns of cell death between ray parenchyma cells and ray tracheids in the conifers Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida

Nakaba

Kubo

Funada

2008

Trees

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“…However, recent research has shown that in black walnut (Juglans nigra), flavanol biosynthesis was up-regulated in the TZ. Flavonoids are highly soluble polyphenols and in black walnut, the flavanol production was found to be highly correlated with the transcript levels of genes encoding the enzymes chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), all of which are implicated in the flavonoid pathway (Beritognolo et al, 2001). At the same time that these genes are being expressed in the TZ, carbohydrate content decreases drastically in this zone.…”

Section: Hw: the Final Transformation Of Xylem Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood Formation in Trees

2001

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Wood is the most important natural and endlessly renewable source of energy and therefore has a major future role as an environmentally cost-effective alternative to burning fossils fuels. The major role of wood is not only the provision of energy but also the provision of energy-sufficient material for our buildings and many other products. In addition, developing wood cells represent one of the most important sinks for excess atmospheric CO 2 , thereby reducing one of the major contributors to global warming. WOOD IS ALSO A RAW MATERIAL FOR A MAJOR GLOBAL INDUSTRY, AND ITS DEMAND IS INCREASINGWood is the fifth most important product of the world trade. Vast quantities of wood are logged by foresters to provide fuel, fibers (for pulp, paper products, and boards), and sawn timber (for house building and furniture) as commodities. The complex chemical makeup of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, and pectins) also makes it an ideal raw material for what could be a future "ligno-chemical" industry that could replace the petrochemical industry, in providing not only plastic and all kinds of chemical products, but also food and textile products. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF TREES CONFLICT INCREASINGLY WITH INDUSTRIAL FORESTRY PRACTICESResource analyses have led to the conclusion that wood and fiber needs over the next 40 years can only be met by logging 20% to 40% of the total present standing timber inventory in the natural forest (Food and Agriculture Organization). However, most agree that some of these forests should be either left completely alone or managed with only a minimum of wood extraction to preserve their environmental value. WHERE COULD THE WORLD FIND MORE WOOD IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM?The solution is to try to accomplish what agriculture has been doing for the last few centuries: grow wood as a crop in the same way that we grow wheat and maize. The future of the world's forests as well as the forest products industry will therefore depend to a huge extent on our ability to domesticate wild tree species and tailor them for maximum economic yield in the highly controlled environments typical of agriculture. The domestication of forest trees must be accomplished rationally, using the best available modern scientific methods, to develop high-yielding, intensively managed plantation forests, occupying a small percentage of existing forested land. In particular, the safe and careful application of biotechnology (marker-assisted breeding, genetic engineering, and in vitro propagation) to forestry practices, should help develop genetically superior trees in a time span of only a few decades. OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW WOOD DEVELOPS IS NOT COMPLETEConsidering the important role that wood is foreseen to play in the near future, it is surprising to see that our understanding of how wood develops is far from complete. With a few exceptions, very little is known about the cellular, molecular, and developmental processes that underlie wood formation. Xylogenesis represents an example of cell differentiation in an exc...

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“…In contrast, there have been only a few large-scale gene analyses for heartwood formation. Studies have been conducted on broad-leaved trees, Robinia pseudoacacia [22,23] and Juglans nigra [24,25], but there have been no reports on conifers. The sugi tree (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) has sharply defined heartwood, and usually also a readily recognized transition zone (TZ) between sapwood and heartwood [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collection of expressed genes from the transition zone of Cryptomeria japonica in the dormant season

2012

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Heartwood affects the utility of wood because it differs in some properties compared to sapwood. To regulate heartwood formation, its mechanism must be elucidated. However, the molecular basis underlying heartwood formation remains largely unknown. To obtain clues to understand the mechanism at a molecular level, we collected expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the transition zone (TZ) of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don in November, in which heartwood formation is considered to proceed. A total of 1029 ESTs were assembled into 744 unique sequences (103 clusters and 641 singletons). Putative functions were assigned to 291 nuclear-encoded sequences, and they were grouped into 21 categories according to the eukaryotic orthologous groups functional classification. We selected 20 genes for enzymes or proteins, then examined their expression patterns among different organs. The expression levels of nine genes were higher in November than in June in the TZ. The genes encode two enzymes in glycolysis, invertase, methionine adenosyltransferase, glutathione transferase, the lipid transfer protein, Bet v 1 allergen, the dehydrin and the function-unknown protein. This study has provided the first large-scale EST information from the TZ of conifers, which will be useful for understanding the physiological processes in the TZ at a molecular level.

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Expression of genes encoding chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase correlates with flavanol accumulation during heartwood formation in Juglans nigra

Cited by 56 publications

References 46 publications

Differences in patterns of cell death between ray parenchyma cells and ray tracheids in the conifers Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida

Differences in patterns of cell death between ray parenchyma cells and ray tracheids in the conifers Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida

Wood Formation in Trees

Collection of expressed genes from the transition zone of Cryptomeria japonica in the dormant season

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