Expression of Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Relation to Anthocyanin, Proanthocyanidin, and Flavonol Levels during Bilberry Fruit Development

Jaakola, Laura; Määttä, Kaisu; Pirttilä, Anna Maria; Törrönen, Riitta; Kärenlampi, Sirpa; Hohtola, Anja

doi:10.1104/pp.006957

Cited by 405 publications

(401 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…This indicates that in the skin of grape berries, synthesis of anthocyanin and PAs is temporally separated and anthocyanin synthesis occurs after PA accumulation is complete. A similar pattern of flavonoid biosynthesis was reported in bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), with two separate phases of expression of flavonoid pathway genes (Jaakola et al, 2002). The first phase, around flowering, coincided with flavonol and PA synthesis, and the second phase, later in fruit development, coincided with anthocyanin biosynthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves

et al. 2005

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Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also called condensed tannins, can protect plants against herbivores and are important quality components of many fruits. Two enzymes, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), can produce the flavan-3-ol monomers required for formation of PA polymers. We isolated and functionally characterized genes encoding both enzymes from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz). ANR was encoded by a single gene, but we found two highly related genes encoding LAR. We measured PA content and expression of genes encoding ANR, LAR, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase in grape berries during development and in grapevine leaves, which accumulated PA throughout leaf expansion. Grape flowers had high levels of PA, and accumulation continued in skin and seeds from fruit set until the onset of ripening. VvANR was expressed throughout early flower and berry development, with expression increasing after fertilization. It was expressed in berry skin and seeds until the onset of ripening, and in expanding leaves. The genes encoding LAR were expressed in developing fruit, particularly in seeds, but had low expression in leaves. The two LAR genes had different patterns of expression in skin and seeds. During grape ripening, PA levels decreased in both skin and seeds, and expression of genes encoding ANR and LAR were no longer detected. The results indicate that PA accumulation occurs early in grape development and is completed when ripening starts. Both ANR and LAR contribute to PA synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the genes encoding ANR and LAR determines PA accumulation and composition during grape berry development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves

et al. 2005

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“…Expression profiles of VcCHS, VcFHT, VcDFR, and VcANS confirmed that these general flavonoid transcripts were highly abundant in anthocyanin-rich maturing fruits (stages 6-8). Anthocyanin synthesis also takes place rapidly following ripening initiation in grape and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), which is likewise reflected in a concerted activation of anthocyanin gene expression (Boss et al, 1996;Jaakola et al, 2002). Blueberry ripening also included the rapid accumulation of VcUFGT transcripts, primarily in the skin.…”

Section: Coexpression Of Vcufgt Vcf3#5#h and Vccytob 5 Implicates Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene Expression and Metabolite Profiling of Developing Highbush Blueberry Fruit Indicates Transcriptional Regulation of Flavonoid Metabolism and Activation of Abscisic Acid Metabolism

Zifkin

Jin²,

Ozga³

et al. 2011

Plant Physiology

256

281

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Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruits contain substantial quantities of flavonoids, which are implicated in a wide range of health benefits. Although the flavonoid constituents of ripe blueberries are known, the molecular genetics underlying their biosynthesis, localization, and changes that occur during development have not been investigated. Two expressed sequence tag libraries from ripening blueberry fruit were constructed as a resource for gene identification and quantitative realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction primer design. Gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that flavonoid biosynthetic transcript abundance followed a tightly regulated biphasic pattern, and transcript profiles were consistent with the abundance of the three major classes of flavonoids. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) and corresponding biosynthetic transcripts encoding anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase were most concentrated in young fruit and localized predominantly to the inner fruit tissue containing the seeds and placentae. Mean PA polymer length was seven to 8.5 subunits, linked predominantly via B-type linkages, and was relatively constant throughout development. Flavonol accumulation and localization patterns were similar to those of the PAs, and the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of both was correlated with flavonoid-3#-hydroxylase transcript abundance. By contrast, anthocyanins accumulated late in maturation, which coincided with a peak in flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase and flavonoid-3#5#-hydroxylase transcripts. Transcripts of VcMYBPA1, which likely encodes an R2R3-MYB transcriptional regulator of PA synthesis, were prominent in both phases of development. Furthermore, the initiation of ripening was accompanied by a substantial rise in abscisic acid, a growth regulator that may be an important component of the ripening process and contribute to the regulation of blueberry flavonoid biosynthesis.Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum; Ericaceae) is one of the most economically important fruit crops in North America. Blueberry fruit have been the focus of much recent attention due to numerous reports of their positive effects on human health. These benefits are generally attributed to high levels of polyphenolics, in particular the flavonoids (Rasmussen et al., 2005). Highbush blueberries have one of the highest in vitro antioxidant capacities of any fruit or vegetable (Prior and Gu, 2005;Wu et al., 2006). The major health benefits linked to the consumption of blueberries include a reduced risk for cardiovascular (Basu et al., 2010) and neurodegenerative (Neto, 2007) diseases. Furthermore, experiments on rodents suggest that blueberry extracts may also prevent cancer, slow tumor growth, and reverse cognitive and behavioral deficits related to stroke and aging (Lau et al., 2005;Gordillo et al., 2009).The three common types of flavonoids that accumulate in blueberry fruit are the flavonols, anthocya-

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“…Although there are papers on phytochemical analysis of leaves and fruits of this plant (Jaakola et al, 2002;Jaakola et al, 2004), the aim of this study was to determine and compare the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of different extracts of fruits and leaves of this plant collected on Borja Mountain (RS, Bosnia and Herzegovina, W. Balkans). The second aim of this paper was to determine the total phenol and flavonoid content in water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts using spectrophotometric methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in vitro

Vui¹,

Petkovi²,

Rodi-Grabovac³

et al. 2013

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Antibacterial and antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations of water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of fruits and leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus L. were studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) have been determined. Testing was performed on 30 clinical isolates, including strains of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus vulgaris. The values for MIC were in the range from 5 to 40 mg/ml. The most sensitive bacterial strain was Enterococcus faecalis MF-Ef8 strain. The ethanol extract of fruits of V. myrtillus was found the most active. The total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and ranged between 31.44 to 119.17 mg GAE/g. The concentration of flavonoids in extracts was determined and the highest amount was in ethyl acetate extract of leaves of V. myrtillus. Antioxidant activity was monitored spectrophotometrically using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. The highest capacity to neutralize DPPH radicals (94%RSA) was found in the ethanol extract from fruits and in the water extract from leaves of V. myrtillus. The results of the total phenolic content determination of the examined extracts indicate that bilberry extracts are a rich source of phenolic compounds and also possess a significant antioxidant activity and moderate antibacterial activity.

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Expression of Genes Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Relation to Anthocyanin, Proanthocyanidin, and Flavonol Levels during Bilberry Fruit Development

Cited by 405 publications

References 47 publications

Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves

Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves

Gene Expression and Metabolite Profiling of Developing Highbush Blueberry Fruit Indicates Transcriptional Regulation of Flavonoid Metabolism and Activation of Abscisic Acid Metabolism

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in vitro

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