Expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors in apocrine adnexal tumours and apocrine glands of the skin

Kővári, Bence; Kocsis, Lajos; Varga, Erika

doi:10.5114/pjp.2018.75336

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This finding has been corroborated in SZ95 sebocytes (Makrantonaki et al ., ) suggesting that GH may directly affect sebocytes. Indeed, both rodent and human SGs have demonstrated immuno‐reactivity for the GH receptor (Lobie et al ., ; Oakes et al ., ; Kővári et al ., ).…”

Section: Growth Hormone and Insulin‐like Growth Factormentioning

confidence: 97%

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

et al. 2020

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The nervous system communicates with peripheral tissues through nerve fibres and the systemic release of hypothalamic and pituitary neurohormones. Communication between the nervous system and the largest human organ, skin, has traditionally received little attention. In particular, the neuro-regulation of sebaceous glands (SGs), a major skin appendage, is rarely considered. Yet, it is clear that the SG is under stringent pituitary control, and forms a fascinating, clinically relevant peripheral target organ in which to study the neuroendocrine and neural regulation of epithelia. Sebum, the major secretory product of the SG, is composed of a complex mixture of lipids resulting from the holocrine secretion of specialised epithelial cells (sebocytes). It is indicative of a role of the neuroendocrine system in SG function that excess circulating levels of growth hormone, thyroxine or prolactin result in increased sebum production (seborrhoea). Conversely, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency result in reduced sebum production and dry skin. Furthermore, the androgen sensitivity of SGs appears to be under neuroendocrine control, as hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary) renders SGs largely insensitive to stimulation by testosterone, which is crucial for maintaining SG homeostasis. However, several neurohormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, can stimulate sebum production independently of either the testes or the adrenal glands, further underscoring the importance of neuroendocrine control in SG biology. Moreover, sebocytes synthesise several neurohormones and express their receptors, suggestive of the presence of neuro-autocrine mechanisms of sebocyte modulation. Aside from the neuroendocrine system, it is conceivable that secretion of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters from cutaneous nerve endings may also act on sebocytes or their progenitors, given that the skin is richly innervated. However, to date, the neural controls of SG development and function remain poorly investigated and incompletely understood. Botulinum toxin-mediated or facial paresis-associated reduction of human sebum secretion suggests that cutaneous nerve-derived substances modulate lipid and inflammatory cytokine synthesis by sebocytes, possibly implicating the nervous system in acne pathogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that cutaneous denervation in mice alters the expression of key regulators of SG homeostasis. In this review, we examine the current evidence regarding neuroendocrine and neurobiological regulation of human SG function in physiology and pathology. We further call attention to this line of research as an instructive model for probing and therapeutically manipulating the mechanistic links between the nervous system and mammalian skin.

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Section: Growth Hormone and Insulin‐like Growth Factormentioning

confidence: 97%

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

et al. 2020

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“…GCDFP-15 is also a marker of apocrine differentiation if diffusely expressed, and therefore obviously labels a subset of TNBC (and skin appendage tumours), that show apocrine differentiation [ 7 , 9 , 10 ]. On the other hand, non-apocrine breast cancers may also be stained with this antibody, and this phenomenon may serve as evidence of breast origin in metastatic cases.…”

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confidence: 99%

TRPS1 expression in cytokeratin 5 expressing triple negative breast cancers, its value as a marker of breast origin

et al. 2023

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The lack of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 expression in breast cancer (BC) is the basis for the categorization of the tumour as triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC). The majority of TNBCs are aggressive tumours with common metastases and decreased expression of markers that could help in identifying the metastatic lesion as of mammary origin. Breast markers, such as gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDPF-15), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), mammaglobin (MGB) and SOX10, are not uniquely specific to BC. Our aim was to evaluate trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) protein as a breast marker in a series of cytokeratin-5-expressing TNBC, mostly corresponding to basal-like TNBCs, previously characterized for the expression of other breast markers. One hundred seventeen TNBCs in tissue microarrays were immunostained for TRPS1. The cut-off for positivity was ≥ 10%. The reproducibility of this classification was also assessed. TRPS1 positivity was detected in 92/117 (79%) cases, and this exceeded the expression of previously tested markers like SOX10 82 (70%), GATA3 11 (9%), MGB 10 (9%) and GCDFP-15 7 (6%). Of the 25 TRPS1-negative cases, 11 were positive with SOX10, whereas 5 to 6 dual negatives displayed positivity for the other makers. The evaluation showed substantial agreement. Of the five markers compared, TRPS1 seems the most sensitive marker for the mammary origin of CK5-expressing TNBCs. Cases that are negative are most often labelled with SOX10, and the remainder may still demonstrate positivity for any of the 3 other markers. TRPS1 has a place in breast marker panels.

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“…GHRHR activation is also vital to somatotroph cell proliferation via βγ subunit-mediated activation of Ras-MAP kinase and ERK phosphorylation. Extrapituitary GHRH activity is mediated by GHRHR and its splice variant type 1 (SV1), found in several cancerous and noncancerous human tissues, including apocrine glands and dermal fibroblasts (Table 1) [21,25,26]. GHRH signaling, via the GHRHR and the SV1, has been implicated in the growth of human apocrine tumors and metastatic melanoma [21,27].…”

Section: Growth Hormone-releasing Hormonementioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Hormone and the Human Hair Follicle

Horesh

Chéret

Paus

2021

IJMS

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Ever since the discoveries that human hair follicles (HFs) display the functional peripheral equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, exhibit elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and even generate melatonin and prolactin, human hair research has proven to be a treasure chest for the exploration of neurohormone functions. However, growth hormone (GH), one of the dominant neurohormones of human neuroendocrine physiology, remains to be fully explored in this context. This is interesting since it has long been appreciated clinically that excessive GH serum levels induce distinct human skin pathology. Acromegaly, or GH excess, is associated with hypertrichosis, excessive androgen-independent growth of body hair, and hirsutism in females, while dysfunctional GH receptor-mediated signaling (Laron syndrome) is associated with alopecia and prominent HF defects. The outer root sheath keratinocytes have recently been shown to express functional GH receptors. Furthermore, and contrary to its name, recombinant human GH is known to inhibit female human scalp HFs’ growth ex vivo, likely via stimulating the expression of the catagen-inducing growth factor, TGF-β2. These limited available data encourage one to systematically explore the largely uncharted role of GH in human HF biology to uncover nonclassical functions of this core neurohormone in human skin physiology.

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Expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors in apocrine adnexal tumours and apocrine glands of the skin

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands

TRPS1 expression in cytokeratin 5 expressing triple negative breast cancers, its value as a marker of breast origin

Growth Hormone and the Human Hair Follicle

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