Aplastic anemia (AA) is a bone marrow failure disease. It is difficult to treat AA, and in addition, relapses are common because of its complex disease pathogenesis. Allogeneic bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) infusion is an effective and safe treatment option for the AA patients. However, it found that BMSCs infusion in AA patients is less than 30% effective. Therefore, the key to improve the efficacy of BMSCs treatment in these patients is to enhance their homing efficiency to the target sites. Studies have shown that stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis plays an important role in promoting BMSCs homing. In this study, human BMSCs were transduced with lentivirus stably expressing CXCR4‐BMSCs. Transduced BMSCs resemble normal BMSCs in many ways. Migration ability of CXCR4‐BMSCs toward SDF‐1 was increased because of the overexpression of CXCR4. In the mice with bone marrow failure, the migration and colonization ability of CXCR4‐BMSCs to the bone marrow was significantly improved as seen by IVIS imaging and FACS. The SDF‐1 level in the bone marrow failure mice was significantly higher than in the normal mice. Thus, from our study, it is clear that after CXCR4‐BMSCs were infused into mice with bone marrow failure, SDF‐1 interacted with CXCR4 receptor, leading cells to migrate and colonize to bone marrow. Because of the high SDF‐1 expression in mouse bone marrow and CXCR4 receptor expression in cells, BMSCs homing was increased.