Expression of immunoregulatory cytokines in neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area and amygdaloid nuclear complex of rats immunized against human IgG

Gao, Yang; Ng, Yee‐Kong; Lin, Jiamao; Ling, Eng-Ang

doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02001-1

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In agreement with these results, unstimulated astrocytes from adult human brain secreted and were positive for TGF-ß 1 protein in culture [20]. The first claim of the presence of TGF-ß 1 -ir in neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the rat hypothalamus was made, but no data were shown [41]. In contrast, Zhu et al [32] found TGF-ß 1 -like-ir in pyramidal neurons of the CA1 region of normal rat hippocampus and, apparently, nowhere else.…”

Section: Tgf-ß 1 Proteinmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…However, recent reports cite the presence of TGF-ß 1 -ir in normal adult rat brain. Two reports claim it is expressed in neurons: the first, showing no data, places the ir only in the hypothalamus [41] whereas the second, showing photomicrographs, places it specifically in the CA1 layer of the hippocampus [32]. Both cite the use of an antibody from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, the first at 1:100 and the second at 1:20 dilution.…”

Section: Evidence For Constitutive Synthesis Of Tgfß 1 and Il-10 Is Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: Expression and Action in the Brain

Vitkoviç

Miyagawa

Sternberg

2001

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) and interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression is equivocal in normal brain and upregulated in over a dozen central and peripheral diseases/disorders. The patterns of specific expression of cytokines differ in these diseases. Published data indicate that these cytokines are produced by and act on both neurons and glial cells. Although their actions are commonly viewed as ‘anti-inflammatory’, they protect neurons and downregulate the responses of glial cells to diseases/disorders in the absence of inflammation. Their actions counterbalance the actions of elevated IL-1 and/or tumor necrosis factor-α to maintain homeostasis. Their therapeutic potential will be realized by improving our understanding of their place in neural cytokine networks.

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Section: Tgf-ß 1 Proteinmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Evidence For Constitutive Synthesis Of Tgfß 1 and Il-10 Is Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: Expression and Action in the Brain

Vitkoviç

Miyagawa

Sternberg

2001

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…Data here also extend our previous work (6 days of AE) showing a pro-inflammatory response with just a single day binge-like exposure. The number of microglia may not necessarily correlate to the level of neuroimmune response in a given region, as other cells such as neurons and astrocytes can contribute to the release of cytokines as well (Lieberman et al 1989; Aloisi et al 1992; Gao et al 2000). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Early Postnatal Microglial Colonization of the Developing Rat Hippocampus Following a Single-Day Alcohol Exposure

Ruggiero

Boschen

Roth

et al. 2017

J Neuroimmune Pharmacol

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Microglia are involved in various homeostatic processes in the brain, including phagocytosis, apoptosis, and synaptic pruning. Sex differences in microglia colonization of the developing brain have been reported, but have not been established following alcohol insult. Developmental alcohol exposure represents a neuroimmune challenge that may contribute to cognitive dysfunction prevalent in humans with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and in rodent models of FASD. Most studies have investigated neuroimmune activation following adult alcohol exposure or following multiple exposures. The current study uses a single day binge alcohol exposure model (postnatal day [PD] 4) to examine sex differences in the neuroimmune response in the developing rat hippocampus on PD5 and 8. The neuroimmune response was evaluated through measurement of microglial number and cytokine gene expression at both time points. Male pups had higher microglial number compared to females in many hippocampal subregions on PD5, but this difference disappeared by PD8, unless exposed to alcohol. Expression of pro-inflammatory marker CD11b was higher on PD5 in alcohol-exposed (AE) females compared to AE males. After alcohol exposure, C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) was significantly increased in female AE pups on PD5 and PD8. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were also upregulated by AE in males on PD8. The results demonstrate a clear difference between the male and female neuroimmune response to an AE challenge, which also occurs in a time-dependent manner. These findings are significant as they add to our knowledge of specific sex-dependent effects of alcohol exposure on microglia within the developing brain.

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“…Sections were then incubated in primary antibody solution (2% normal goat serum in 0.1 M PBX for 36-48 h). The primary antibodies used in this study were polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit against c terminus of human TGF-␤ 1 detecting mouse precursor as well as mature TGF-␤ 1 and TGF-␤ 2 (1: 200 dilution; Santa Cruz, Heidelberg, Germany) [16][17][18][19] ; and p-SMAD3 (rabbit monoclonal antibody detecting SMAD3 only when phosphorylated at ser423/425; dilution 1: 15,000; Cell Signalling) [20] .…”

Section: Immunohistochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Time of Day Influences on the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Phosphorylated SMAD3 in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic and Paraventricular Nuclei

Beynon

Thome

Coogan³

2009

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Background/Aims: The master mammalian circadian pacemaker is the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In this study we examined the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and the associated signaller phosphorylated SMAD3 (pSMAD3) in the SCN and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus of the young and older mouse across the diurnal cycle, in order to ascertain whether there are time-of-day and age influences on their expression in the hypothalamus. Methods: Immunohistochemistry coupled to densitometric analysis has been used to quantitate the expression of TGF-β and pSMAD3 in the SCN and PVN. Results: We have demonstrated a diurnal pattern of expression of TGF-β in the SCN of young animals, a rhythm that is lost in older mice. The PVN also shows diurnal expression of TGF-β and older mice exhibit elevated levels. Finally, we have demonstrated a novel day/night difference in the expression of pSMAD3, a part of the TGF signalling pathway, in the SCN, a rhythm that appears to be lost with age. Conclusion: We conclude that TGF-β and pSMAD3 are expressed under basal conditions in the SCN and PVN, and this expression is modulated in both a diurnal and age-dependent manner.

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Expression of immunoregulatory cytokines in neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area and amygdaloid nuclear complex of rats immunized against human IgG

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: Expression and Action in the Brain

Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines: Expression and Action in the Brain

Sex Differences in Early Postnatal Microglial Colonization of the Developing Rat Hippocampus Following a Single-Day Alcohol Exposure

Age and Time of Day Influences on the Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Phosphorylated SMAD3 in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic and Paraventricular Nuclei

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