Expression of inflammatory mediators in biofilm samples and clinical association in inflammatory bowel disease patients—a preliminary study

Abstract

Objectives Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has multiple impacts on soft and hard tissues in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of cytokines in biofilm samples from patients suffering from IBD and compare them to healthy patients. It was hypothesized that different cytokine expression levels and clinical associations might be drawn. Material and methods A total of 56 biofilm samples from three different patient cohorts (group 0 = healthy, HC n = 30; group 1 = Crohn’s disease, CD, n = 19; group 2 = ulcerative colitis, UC, n = 7) were examined for the expression levels of the cytokine interleukins IL-2, -6, and -10; matrix metalloproteinases 7 and 9; and surface antigens CD90/CD11a by quantitative real-time PCR and according to clinical parameters (plaque index, BOP, PD, DMFT, CAL). Relative gene expression was determined using the ∆∆CT method. Results The mean BOP values (p = 0.001) and PD (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in the CD group compared to controls. Expression of IL-10 was significantly higher in the CD (p = 0.004) and UC groups (p = 0.022). Expression of MMP-7 was significantly higher in the CD group (p = 0.032). IBD patients treated with TNF inhibitors (p = 0.007) or other immunosuppressants (p = 0.014) showed significant overexpression of IL-10 compared to controls. Conclusion Different expression levels of IL-10 and MMP-7 were detected in plaque samples from IBD patients. As only BOP was significantly increased, we conclude that no clinical impairment of periodontal tissue occurred in IBD patients. Clinical relevance With the worldwide increasing incidence of IBD, it is important to obtain insights into the effects of the disease on the oral cavity. The study was registered (01.09.2020) at the German clinical trial registry (DRKS00022956). Clinical trial registration The study is registered at the German clinical trial registry (DRKS00022956).

Evaluation of periodontal status and cytokine levels in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

“…Elevated serum concentrations of IL-10 in active UC and CD-patients as compared with healthy controls have been previously reported 41,42 . Overexpression of IL-10 in subgingival biofilm samples for UC and CD-patients as compared with healthy controls have also been demonstrated 27 . In contrast, other studies have shown similar or lower IL-10 levels in the serum of patients with UC and CD as compared with non-IBD patients 43,44 .…”

“…36,37 Prior studies have reported elevated levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators and MMPs, such as IL-4, -10, -17A, -18, -21, IFN-γ, MMP-7, and MMP-8, in the periodontal tissues of patients with IBD. 12,27,38 To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to examine the selected inflammatory mediators in both saliva and GCF in UC, CD, and patients with non-IBD according to their periodontal status. In this study, UC group of patients had the highest salivary concentrations of TNF-α as compared with CD and non-IBD groups for both patients with periodontitis and gingivitis.…”

“…The majority of previous studies have indicated that IBD and periodontal diseases share similar cytokine expression patterns due to having some common pathogenic inflammatory processes 36,37 . Prior studies have reported elevated levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators and MMPs, such as IL-4, -10, -17A, -18, -21, IFN-γ, MMP-7, and MMP-8, in the periodontal tissues of IBD patients 12,27,38 . To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to examine the selected inflammatory mediators in both saliva and GCF in UC, CD, and non-IBD patients according to their periodontal status.…”

“…23 In contrast, other studies have revealed an inverse relationship between IBD and periodontal dis-eases or the absence of a difference in periodontal disease susceptibility between patients with IBD and non-IBD. [25][26][27] In the present study, molar teeth were selected for GCF sampling as the amount of production of GCF is quite small and changes according to the size of gingival sulcus. Moreover, larger GCF volumes have been detected at the posterior sites compared with anterior sites, at mandibular sites compared with maxillary sites, and at interproximal sites of posterior teeth than anterior labial sites.…”

Investigation of the Expression of Inflammatory Markers in Oral Biofilm Samples in Patients with Systemic Scleroderma and the Association with Clinical Periodontal Parameters—A Preliminary Study

“…The clinical, respective laboratory examination was based on the equivalent protocol and established in the laboratory of the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery to analyze biofilm samples with regard to inflammatory markers [21].…”