Expression of metallothionein mRNAs on mouse cerebellum microglia cells by thimerosal and its metabolites

Minami, Takeshi; Miyata, Eriko; Sakamoto, Yuji; Kohama, Azusa; Yamazaki, Hideo; Ichida, Seiji

doi:10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.037

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Several studies have shown that metals such as copper, zinc, and mercury are important inducers of MT synthesis, especially between 6 and 48 h after exposure [38][39][40][41][42][43]. Thus, we believe that the lower Hg content from animals that received Zn-Hg may be related to the synthesis of MT, since these proteins are rich in SH groups that may sequester Hg ions helping in its elimination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Zinc and N-acetylcysteine modify mercury distribution and promote increase in hepatic metallothionein levels

Oliveira

Mesquita

et al. 2015

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Zinc and N-acetylcysteine modify mercury distribution and promote increase in hepatic metallothionein levels

Oliveira

Mesquita

et al. 2015

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology

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“…Other aspects of the neuropathology of Thimerosal-Hg toxicity have also been revealed by animal-cell studies of cerebellar [26], sensory neurons [37,38], dorsal root ganglion [38], neuroblastoma and glioma [39], and microglia tissues [28]. Additionally, Zieminska et al [40] recently demonstrated in cerebellar cell-cultures a neuroprotection mechanism against Thimerosal toxicity that is modulated by sulphur-containing compounds.…”

Section: Young Adultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Thimerosal has shown more neurotoxicity towards neuroblastoma than glioblastoma cells [27]. However, Minami et al [28] showed that Thimerosal and its metabolites can express metallothionein mRNAs in mouse cerebellum microglia cells; cell viability depended on the metabolite tested (Thimerosal, thiosalicylate, and ethyl mercury), dose and incubation time.…”

Section: Young Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Experimental (In Vitro and In Vivo) Neurotoxicity Studies of Low-dose Thimerosal Relevant to Vaccines

Dórea¹

2011

Neurochem Res

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There is a need to interpret neurotoxic studies to help deal with uncertainties surrounding pregnant mothers, newborns and young children who must receive repeated doses of Thimerosal-containing vaccines (TCVs). This review integrates information derived from emerging experimental studies (in vitro and in vivo) of low-dose Thimerosal (sodium ethyl mercury thiosalicylate). Major databases (PubMed and Web-of-science) were searched for in vitro and in vivo experimental studies that addressed the effects of low-dose Thimerosal (or ethylmercury) on neural tissues and animal behaviour. Information extracted from studies indicates that: (a) activity of low doses of Thimerosal against isolated human and animal brain cells was found in all studies and is consistent with Hg neurotoxicity; (b) the neurotoxic effect of ethylmercury has not been studied with co-occurring adjuvant-Al in TCVs; (c) animal studies have shown that exposure to Thimerosal-Hg can lead to accumulation of inorganic Hg in brain, and that (d) doses relevant to TCV exposure possess the potential to affect human neuro-development. Thimerosal at concentrations relevant for infants' exposure (in vaccines) is toxic to cultured human-brain cells and to laboratory animals. The persisting use of TCV (in developing countries) is counterintuitive to global efforts to lower Hg exposure and to ban Hg in medical products; its continued use in TCV requires evaluation of a sufficiently nontoxic level of ethylmercury compatible with repeated exposure (co-occurring with adjuvant-Al) during early life.

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“…The first report showed that one of the most common isoforms of metallothionein (MT-1) had its mRNA expression significantly decreased at 4 hr after thimerosal was added to mouse cerebellum microglial cells; however, MT-1 expression recovered time-dependently after 24 hr. In contrast, the expression of MT-1 mRNA rose in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line only 6 hr after incubation with thimerosal (Minami et al 2009). Later, Minami et al (2010) investigated whether the mouse nervous system was damaged by a low-dose thimerosal injection using a metallothionein index, and significant induction in the cerebellum was noted, but only a numerical increase in cerebrum.…”

Section: Stress Protein Expressionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Thimerosal in childhood vaccines contributes to accumulating mercury toxicity in the kidney

Carneiro

Morais

Barbosa

et al. 2013

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

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Mercury (Hg) is a hazardous chemical that accumulates in many cells and tissues, thereby producing toxicity. The kidney is a key target organ for Hg accumulation and toxicity. The contributing factors to Hg accumulation in humans include: (1) elemental and inorganic Hg exposure, often occurring by inhalation of Hg vapors; (2) exposure to methyl Hg (meHg), for example, through contaminated seafood; and (3) exposure to ethyl mercury (etHg) via thimerosal-containing vaccines. Systematic investigations on the toxic effects of etHg/thimerosal on the nervous system were carried out, and etHg/thimerosal emerged as a possible risk factor for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. There is, however, little known about the mechanisms and molecular interactions underlying toxicity of etHg/thimerosal in the kidney, which is the focus of the current review. Susceptible populations such as infants, pregnant women, and the elderly are exposed to etHg through thimerosal-containing vaccines, and in-depth study of the potential adverse effects on the kidney is needed. In general, toxicity occurring in association with different forms of Hg is related to: intracellular thiol metabolism and oxidative stress reactions; mitochondrial function; intracellular distribution and build-up of calcium; apoptosis; expression of stress proteins; and also interaction with the cytoskeleton. Available evidence for the etHginduced toxicity in the kidney was examined, and the main mechanisms and molecular interactions of cytotoxicity of etHg/thimerosal exposure in kidney described. Such accumulating knowledge may help to indicate molecular pathways that, if modulated, may better handle Hg-mediated toxicity.

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Expression of metallothionein mRNAs on mouse cerebellum microglia cells by thimerosal and its metabolites

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Zinc and N-acetylcysteine modify mercury distribution and promote increase in hepatic metallothionein levels

Zinc and N-acetylcysteine modify mercury distribution and promote increase in hepatic metallothionein levels

Integrating Experimental (In Vitro and In Vivo) Neurotoxicity Studies of Low-dose Thimerosal Relevant to Vaccines

Thimerosal in childhood vaccines contributes to accumulating mercury toxicity in the kidney

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