Expression of MRJP3 and HSP70 mRNA Levels in Apis mellifera L. Workers after Dietary Supplementation with Proteins, Prebiotics, and Probiotics

Abstract

Royal jelly is an essential substance for the development of bees from larval to adult stages. Studies have identified a group of key proteins in royal jelly, denominated major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs). The group currently consists of nine proteins (MRJP1–MRJP9), with MRJP1 being the most abundant and MRJP3 being used as a microsatellite marker for the selection of queens with a greater production of royal jelly. The diet of bees is mostly composed of proteins, and supplementing this intake to encourage a higher production of their primary product is important for producers. It is estimated that, by adding probiotic and prebiotic organisms to their diets, the benefits to bees will be even greater, both for their immune systems and primary responses to stress. Circumstances that are adverse compared to those of the natural habitat of bees eventually substantially interfere with bee behavior. Stress situations are modulated by proteins termed heat shock proteins (HSPs). Among these, HSP70 has been shown to exhibit abundance changes whenever bees experience unusual situations of stress. Thus, we sought to supplement A. mellifera bee colony diets with proteins and prebiotic and probiotic components, and to evaluate the expression levels of MRJP3 and HSP70 mRNAs using qRT-PCR. The results revealed that differences in the expression of MRJP3 can be attributed to the different types of feed offered. Significant differences were evident when comparing the expression levels of MRJP3 and HSP70, suggesting that protein supplementation with pre/probiotics promotes positive results in royal jelly synthesis carried out by honey bee nurses.

Expression of HSPA14 in patients with acute HIV-1 infection and its effect on HIV-1 replication

“…In the past few decades, several studies have shown that HSPs play important roles in various viral infections. For example, latent infection of herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) increased the HSPs in human neuroblastoma cells, HSP70 mRNA levels increased in mouse L cells after HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, and the expression level of HSP70 and HSP90 were increased in human B lymphocytes infected with EB virus ( 13 – 15 ). In addition, HSP70 is associated with the capsid precursor P1 of poliovirus type 1 and coxsackievirus B1 ( 16 ), the expression levels of HSP70 and HSP40 in lymphocytes of HIV-1 infected patients increased as well ( 17 ).…”

Honey bee Apis mellifera L. responses to oxidative stress induced by pharmacological and pesticidal compounds

“…This is further proven from mrjp1 also not regulating at either day 5 or day 9 and Hsp70 having no regulation at day 9. As royal jelly is important for development and Hsp70 would show abundant changes when bees would experience unusual situations of stress (Oliveira et al, 2022), such as being put inside a cage to live with no room to fly properly, which is in itself a type of stress. Hydrogen peroxide, which works by producing destructive hydroxyl free radicals that can attack membrane lipids, DNA, and other essential cell components (Brudzynski, 2020), was avoided by bees (Figure 2A) and led to significant early toxicity when administered at 4,000 ppb (Figure 1).…”